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      Colorimetric and electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen with a gold nanoparticle-based biosensor

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          Abstract

          Since emerging in China in December 2019, COVID-19 has spread globally, wreaked havoc for public health and economies worldwide and, given the high infectivity and unexpectedly rapid spread of the virus responsible—that is, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—urged the World Health Organization to declare it a pandemic. In response, reducing the virus's adverse effects requires developing methods of early diagnosis that are reliable, are inexpensive and offer rapid response. As demonstrated in this article, the colorimetric and electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen with gold nanoparticle-based biosensors may be one such method. In the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen, gold nanoparticles aggregated rapidly and irreversibly due to antibody–antigen interaction and consequently changed in colour from red to purple, as easily observable with the naked eye or UV–Vis spectrometry by way of spectral redshifting with a detection limit of 48 ng/mL. Moreover, electrochemical detection was achieved by dropping developed probe solution onto the commercially available and disposable screen-printed gold electrode without requiring any electrode preparation and modification. The method identified 1 pg/mL of the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen and showed a linear response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen ranging from 1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL. Both methods were highly specific to detecting the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen but not other antigens, including influenza A (i.e. H1N1), MERS-CoV and Streptococcus pneumoniae, even at high concentrations.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

            Summary In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.)
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              Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

              In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Anal Chim Acta
                Anal Chim Acta
                Analytica Chimica Acta
                Elsevier B.V.
                0003-2670
                1873-4324
                11 August 2021
                16 October 2021
                11 August 2021
                : 1182
                : 338939
                Affiliations
                [a ]Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Group, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, National Metrology Institute, (TUBITAK UME), 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
                [b ]Electrochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Group, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey National Metrology Institute, (TUBITAK UME), 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author.
                Article
                S0003-2670(21)00765-0 338939
                10.1016/j.aca.2021.338939
                8357269
                34602210
                4c77819f-5273-4317-a93a-256b8e3c4d51
                © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 7 May 2021
                : 9 August 2021
                : 10 August 2021
                Categories
                Article

                Analytical chemistry
                covid-19,sars-cov-2,colorimetric biosensor,electrochemical biosensor,gold nanoparticles,dual-sensing probe

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