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      Three new species of Levinsenia Mesnil, 1897 (Annelida: Paraonidae) from shallow and deep waters of Southwestern Atlantic Ocean

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          Abstract

          Three new species of Levinsenia were collected during a benthic survey, from 10–3,000 m deep, in Espírito Santo Basin, off the southeastern Brazilian coast. These species are L. paivai sp. nov., L. blakei sp. nov. and L. lesliae sp. nov. Members of L. paivai sp. nov. are recognized by the presence of nine pairs of well-developed and heavily ciliated branchiae, those of L. blakei sp. nov. are characterized by the presence of three pairs of small branchiae, and those of L. lesliae sp. nov., by the absence of branchiae and presence of notopodial transitional chaetae. These new species are described herein and compared to the most similar congeners. These are the first new species of Levinsenia described from off the Brazilian coast.

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          Diet of worms emended: an update of polychaete feeding guilds.

          Polychaetes are common in most marine habitats and dominate many infaunal communities. Functional guild classification based on taxonomic identity and morphology has linked community structure to ecological function. The functional guilds now include osmotrophic siboglinids as well as sipunculans, echiurans, and myzostomes, which molecular genetic analyses have placed within Annelida. Advances in understanding of encounter mechanisms explicitly relate motility to feeding mode. New analyses of burrowing mechanics explain the prevalence of bilateral symmetry and blur the boundary between surface and subsurface feeding. The dichotomy between microphagous deposit and suspension feeders and macrophagous carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores is further supported by divergent digestive strategies. Deposit feeding appears to be limited largely to worms longer than 1 cm, with juveniles and small worms in general restricted to ingesting highly digestible organic material and larger, rich food items, blurring the macrophage-microphage dichotomy that applies well to larger worms.
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            The impacts of the Samarco mine tailing spill on the Rio Doce estuary, Eastern Brazil.

            Over 50 million cubic meters of mining tailings were released in the Rio Doce basin after the collapse of the Fundão dam (Samarco) in November 2015. Predicting significant impacts on the Rio Doce estuary, we sampled sediments to investigate short-term impacts on the benthic assemblages and trace metal accumulation on estuarine sediments. With the arrival of the tailing plumes in the estuary, we detected a predominance of clay particles and increased trace metal concentrations of up to 5 times in some areas. The rapid sedimentation after the impact also impacted estuarine macrofaunal assemblages through loss surface-dwelling taxa. As expected, the impacts on benthic assemblages observed up to 3days after the arrival of tailings were not clearly associated with trace metal concentrations, but long-term effects need to be studied. We recommend that the high spatial variability within the estuary be considered in future impact assessment studies.
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              Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                31 December 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 12
                : e0244741
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratório de Poliquetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
                [2 ] Laboratório de Annelida, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
                CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, PORTUGAL
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3533-7311
                Article
                PONE-D-20-30705
                10.1371/journal.pone.0244741
                7775102
                33382806
                4c90714c-970e-4ea1-88c8-4ff797d95585
                © 2020 Ranauro et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 29 September 2020
                : 15 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 2, Pages: 22
                Funding
                NR received a MsC fellowship from CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) (proc. 1586471) and currently receives a PhD fellowship from CNPq (proc. 140725/2018-0) CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) https://www.gov.br/capes/pt-br CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) http://www.cnpq.br/ JMMN receives a productivity grant from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), level 2 (proc. 309599/2018-0). CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) http://www.cnpq.br/ We are thankful to CENPES/PETROBRAS for providing the material used for the present study. http://www.petrobras.com.br/pt/nossas-atividades/tecnologia-e-inovacao/ The material from ZUEC used for this study is part of a project funded by FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), Programa Biota/ FAPESP (proc. 2018/10313-0) https://fapesp.br/.
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