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      Description and ecophysiology of a new species of Syndesmis Silliman, 1881 (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae) from the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus (Valenciennes, 1846) Mortensen, 1943 in New Zealand

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          Abstract

          A new rhabdocoel of the genus Syndesmis Silliman, 1881 (Umagillidae) is described from the intestine of the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus (Valenciennes, 1846) Mortensen, 1943a. This new species, Syndesmis kurakaikina n. sp., is morphologically distinct and can easily be recognised by its very long (±1 mm) stylet and its bright-red colour. In addition to providing a formal description, we present some observations on reproduction and life history of this new species. Fecundity is comparable to that of other umagillids and the rate of egg production and development increases with temperature. Hatching in this species is induced by intestinal fluids of its host. Relevant to global warming, we assessed the effect of temperature on survival, fecundity, and development. The tests indicate that Syndesmis kurakaikina n. sp. is tolerant of a wide range of temperatures (11–25 °C) and that its temperature optimum lies between 18.0 and 21.5 °C. Egg viability is, however, significantly compromised at the higher end of this temperature range, with expelled egg capsules often being deformed and showing increasingly lower rates of hatching. Given this, a rise in global temperature might increase the risk of Syndesmis kurakaikina n. sp. infecting new hosts and would possibly facilitate the spread of these endosymbionts.

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          Highlights

          • •

            Syndesmis kurakaikina n. sp. (Umagillidae, Rhabdocoela) is described.

          • •

            This new species was found infecting kina ( Evechinus chloroticus) in New Zealand.

          • •

            S. kurakaikina n. sp. can tolerate a wide range of temperatures.

          • •

            Egg-capsule production and development increase with temperature.

          • •

            Rising sea-water temperatures may facilitate infection and spread of this species.

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          Most cited references51

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          Ocean acidification may increase calcification rates, but at a cost.

          Hannah Wood, John Spicer, Stephen Widdicombe (2008)
          Ocean acidification is the lowering of pH in the oceans as a result of increasing uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is entering the oceans at a greater rate than ever before, reducing the ocean's natural buffering capacity and lowering pH. Previous work on the biological consequences of ocean acidification has suggested that calcification and metabolic processes are compromised in acidified seawater. By contrast, here we show, using the ophiuroid brittlestar Amphiura filiformis as a model calcifying organism, that some organisms can increase the rates of many of their biological processes (in this case, metabolism and the ability to calcify to compensate for increased seawater acidity). However, this upregulation of metabolism and calcification, potentially ameliorating some of the effects of increased acidity comes at a substantial cost (muscle wastage) and is therefore unlikely to be sustainable in the long term.
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            A review and meta-analysis of the effects of multiple abiotic stressors on marine embryos and larvae.

            Rachel Przeslawski, Maria Byrne, Camille Mellin (2015)
            Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors with likely interactive effects, including synergisms in which the combined effects of multiple stressors are greater than the sum of individual effects. Early life stages of marine organisms are potentially vulnerable to the stressors associated with global change, but identifying general patterns across studies, species and response variables is challenging. This review represents the first meta-analysis of multistressor studies to target early marine life stages (embryo to larvae), particularly between temperature, salinity and pH as these are the best studied. Knowledge gaps in research on multiple abiotic stressors and early life stages are also identified. The meta-analysis yielded several key results: (1) Synergistic interactions (65% of individual tests) are more common than additive (17%) or antagonistic (17%) interactions. (2) Larvae are generally more vulnerable than embryos to thermal and pH stress. (3) Survival is more likely than sublethal responses to be affected by thermal, salinity and pH stress. (4) Interaction types vary among stressors, ontogenetic stages and biological responses, but they are more consistent among phyla. (5) Ocean acidification is a greater stressor for calcifying than noncalcifying larvae. Despite being more ecologically realistic than single-factor studies, multifactorial studies may still oversimplify complex systems, and so meta-analyses of the data from them must be cautiously interpreted with regard to extrapolation to field conditions. Nonetheless, our results identify taxa with early life stages that may be particularly vulnerable (e.g. molluscs, echinoderms) or robust (e.g. arthropods, cnidarians) to abiotic stress. We provide a list of recommendations for future multiple stressor studies, particularly those focussed on early marine life stages.
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              Impact of near-future ocean acidification on echinoderms.

              S Dupont, O Raigoso Ortega, M Thorndyke (2010)
              As a consequence of increasing atmospheric CO(2), the world's oceans are warming and slowly becoming more acidic (ocean acidification, OA) and profound changes in marine ecosystems are certain. Calcification is one of the primary targets for studies of the impact of CO(2)-driven climate change in the oceans and one of the key marine groups most likely to be impacted by predicted climate change events are the echinoderms. Echinoderms are a vital component of the marine environment with representatives in virtually every ecosystem, where they are often keystone ecosystem engineers. This paper reviews and analyses what is known about the impact of near-future ocean acidification on echinoderms. A global analysis of the literature reveals that echinoderms are surprisingly robust to OA and that important differences in sensitivity to OA are observed between populations and species. However, this is modulated by parameters such as (1) exposure time with rare longer term experiments revealing negative impacts that are hidden in short or midterm ones; (2) bottlenecks in physiological processes and life-cycle such as stage-specific developmental phenomena that may drive the whole species responses; (3) ecological feedback transforming small scale sub lethal effects into important negative effects on fitness. We hypothesize that populations/species naturally exposed to variable environmental pH conditions may be pre-adapted to future OA highlighting the importance to understand and monitor environmental variations in order to be able to to predict sensitivity to future climate changes. More stress ecology research is needed at the frontier between ecotoxicology and ecology, going beyond standardized tests using model species in order to address multiple water quality factors (e.g. pH, temperature, toxicants) and organism health. However, available data allow us to conclude that near-future OA will have negative impact on echinoderm taxa with likely significant consequences at the ecosystem level.
              Article 0 comments Cited 122 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Marlies Monnens
                Emily J. Frost
                Miriam Clark
                Mary A. Sewell
                Maarten P.M. Vanhove
                Tom Artois
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl
                Title: International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-2244
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 July 2019
                Publication date Collection: December 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 July 2019
                Volume: 10
                Pages: 71-82
                Affiliations
                [a ]Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
                [b ]School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
                [c ]Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
                [d ]Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Charles Debériotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
                [e ]Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 17, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. marlies.monnens@ 123456uhasselt.be
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2213-2244(19)30098-7
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.07.005
                PMC ID: 6658996
                SO-VID: 4cdd592e-9505-4cf4-a5cf-766ebc9ea207
                Copyright © © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 April 2019
                Date revision received : 9 July 2019
                Date accepted : 10 July 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: flatworm,systematics,global warming,climate change,echinoidea,echinodermata
                Data availability:
                Keywords: flatworm, systematics, global warming, climate change, echinoidea, echinodermata

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