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      Primary neuroendocrine neoplasm of the esophagus – Report of 14 cases from a single institute and review of the literature Translated title: Neoplasia neuroendócrina primária de esôfago - Relato de 14 casos e revisão de literatura

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Most prevalent esophageal neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Other tumors are uncommon and poorly studied. Primary neuroendocrine esophageal neoplasm is a rare carcinoma and most of its therapy management is based on lung neuroendocrine studies. Neuroendocrine tumors can be clustered in the following subtypes: high grade (small cell carcinoma or large cell carcinoma) and low grade (carcinoids). OBJECTIVE The present study aims to assess clinical and pathological neuroendocrine esophageal tumors in a single oncologic center. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients and review of the literatures was performed. RESULTS Fourteen patients were identified as neuroendocrine tumors, 11 male and 3 female patients. Mean age was 67.3 years old. Ten patients were classified as small cell, 3 as large cell and 1 as carcinoid. Four patients presented squamous cell carcinoma simultaneously and 1 also presented adenocarcinoma. Main sites of metastasis were liver, peritoneum, lung and bones. Most patients died before 2 years of follow-up. Patient with longer survival died at 35 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSION Neuroendocrine esophageal tumors are rare; affect mainly men in their sixties or seventies. High grade tumors can be mixed to other subtypes neoplasms, such as adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Most of these patients have poor overall survival rates.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO CONTEXTO As neoplasias esofágicas mais prevalentes são o adenocarcinoma e o carcinoma espinocelular. Outros subtipos histológicos são incomuns e pouco estudados. Neoplasia neuroendócrina esofágica é uma patologia rara e seu manejo atualmente se baseia nos conhecimentos prévios de tumores neuroendócrinos de pulmão. Tumores neuroendócrinos podem ser divididos nas seguintes formas: alto grau (pequenas células ou grandes célula) e baixo grau (carcinoides). OBJETIVO Avaliar clínica e patologicamente os tumores de esôfago em um centro oncológico referenciado. MÉTODOS Foi realizada análise retrospectiva e revisão da literatura de neoplasias neuroendócrinas de esôfago. RESULTADOS Foram identificados 14 pacientes com tumores neuroendócrino, sendo 11 homens, 3 mulheres. Idade média foi de 67,3 anos de idade. Desses pacientes, 10 foram classificados como pequenas células, 3 como grandes células e 1 como carcinoide. Foram encontrados quatro casos de tumor misto neuroendócrino e carcinoma espinocelular, e um caso de tumor misto adenoneuroendócrino. Principal sítio de metástases foi fígado, peritônio, pulmão e ossos. A maioria dos pacientes foi a óbito em até 2 anos de seguimento. Paciente com sobrevida mais longa foi a óbito após 35 meses do diagnóstico. CONCLUSÃO Neoplasias neuroendócrinas de esôfago são raras, afetam principalmente o sexo masculino na 7ª ou 8ª década de vida. A maioria dos pacientes com tumores de alto grau tem sobrevida curta.

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          Most cited references219

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          Primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a review of the literature with emphasis on therapy and prognosis.

          Few studies of patients with esophageal small cell carcinoma (SCC) have been conducted. Choice of treatment remains controversial. The authors analyzed data on 199 evaluable esophageal SCC patients, selected from among 230 patients found in the literature, and a data extraction form that recorded 11 features was completed. To allow for the evaluation of prognostic factors that influenced survival, the patients were grouped according to limited stage (LS), which was defined as disease confined to the esophagus, or extensive stage (ES), which was defined as disease that had spread beyond locoregional boundaries. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Treatment was categorized as either local or local with systemic; for the ES cases, the categories were defined as treatment versus no treatment. The tumor site was described in 178 cases (89%). Mean tumor size was 6.1. Pure SCC was found in 137 cases (68.8%), whereas 62 cases (31.2%) showed mixed SCC; 93 (46.7%) were LS, whereas 95 (47.7%) were ES. In 11 cases (5.5%), the stage was not determined. There was a significant difference in survival between patients with LS and those with ES (P 60 years, the median survival was 6 months), tumor size (for those with tumors 5 cm, the median survival was 4 months), and type of treatment (with local plus systemic treatment, the median survival was 20 months, whereas with local it was 5 months). In multivariate analysis, tumor size (P = 0.007) and type of treatment (P < 0.001) were shown to be independent predictive variables. Esophageal SCC is an aggressive type of tumor. This study shows that there are significant differences between LS and ES and that in LS, both tumor size and type of treatment are possible prognostic factors.
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            Primary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 42 resection cases.

            Primary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus (HNCE) is rare and poorly understood. In this study, we aimed at delineating the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of HNCE diagnosed on the basis of the World Health Organization criteria for pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. We identified 42 (3.8%) consecutive resection cases of HNCE among 1105 esophageal cancers over a 7-year period. Patients' mean age was 62 years (range, 47 to 79 y) with a male to female ratio of 3.7. Dysphagia was present in 79% of patients and tobacco abuse in 50%. Most tumors were centered in the middle (52%) or lower (36%) esophagus; 48% were ulcerated and 31% exophytic. All tumors were sharply demarcated with a pushing border in either solid sheet (83%) or nodular (17%) growth patterns. Pure HNCE was found in 57%, and the remainder also exhibited small components of squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) or glandular, signet ring cell differentiations. SqCC in situ was present in 50%. Most tumors (88%) were the small cell type with pure oat-like cells in 52%, and the larger spindled, anaplastic, and giant cells were common. Tumor crush artifact (98%) and the Azzopardi effect (88%) were widespread. Extensive lymphovascular (50%) and perineural (33%) invasion and metastasis to regional (48%) and abdominal celiac lymph nodes (29%) were observed. Neoplastic cells were immunoreactive to synaptophysin (100%), CD56 (93%), chromogranin A (67%), p63 (55%), TTF-1 (71%), CK8/18 (90%), CD117 (86%), HER2 (16%), and p16 (84%) antibodies. The 5-year survival rate was 25%, similar to that of SqCC. Lymphovascular and perineural invasion was associated with a worse prognosis.
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              Small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: review of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience.

              Esophageal small-cell carcinoma (SCC) is rare, highly malignant and the optimal treatment approach has not been defined. We report the largest single-institution retrospective review of patients with esophageal and gastroesophageal (GE) junction SCC. Twenty-five patients were identified, with complete records available for 22. Eighty-two percent were male, 82% had pure SCC histology and 86% of tumors were in the lower esophagus or GE junction. On the basis of the Veterans' Administration Lung Study Group criteria, 14 patients (64%) presented with limited disease (LD). Median survival was 19.8 months (range, 1.5 months to 11.2+ years); for LD patients, 22.3 months (range, 6 months to 11.2+ years); for extensive disease (ED) patients, 8.5 months (range, 1.5 months to 2.2 years, P = 0.02). With a median follow-up of 38 months, six patients (27%) are alive, one with ED and five with LD. Two LD patients are alive and free of disease for >5 years. Four of the five LD patients who are long-term survivors received induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy without surgery. Our data indicate that patients with LD esophageal SCC treated with induction chemotherapy followed by consolidative chemoradiation can achieve long-term survival. The contribution of surgery remains unclear.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ag
                Arquivos de Gastroenterologia
                Arq. Gastroenterol.
                Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas de Gastroenterologia - IBEPEGE; Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva - CBCD; Sociedade Brasileira de Motilidade Digestiva e Neurogastroenterologia - SBMDN; Federação Brasileira de Gastroenterologia - FBG; Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia - SBH; Sociedade Brasileira de Endoscopia Digestiva - SOBED (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0004-2803
                1678-4219
                March 2017
                : 54
                : 1
                : 4-10
                Affiliations
                [2] Sao Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Hospital das Clínicas orgdiv2Instituto do Câncer Brazil
                [3] Sao Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Hospital das Clínicas orgdiv2Faculdade de Medicina Brazil
                [1] Sao Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Hospital das Clínicas orgdiv2Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo Brazil
                Article
                S0004-28032017000100004
                10.1590/s0004-2803.2017v54n1-01
                28079231
                4cea2c8c-0e0d-4759-85ae-2f129acb0ad5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 July 2016
                : 22 August 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 162, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Neoplasias esofágicas,Tumor carcinoide,Carcinoma neuroendócrino,Esophageal neoplasms,Carcinoid tumor,Neuroendocrine carcinoma

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