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      There is no rush to upgrade the tennis racket in young intermediate competitive players: The effects of scaling racket on serve biomechanics and performance

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Scaling the equipment of young athletes is justified by the constraints-led approach introduced in motor learning. The aim of the present study is to analyze the effect of racket scaling on the serve biomechanics and performance parameters for young tennis players (between 8 and 11 years-old).

          Methods

          Nine young intermediate competitive tennis players (age: 9.9 ± 1.0 years) performed maximal effort flat serves with three different rackets (scaled 23 inches, scaled 25 inches and full-size 27 inches) in a randomized order. A radar measured ball speed while shoulder and elbow kinetics and upper and lower limb kinematics were calculated with a 20-camera optical motion capture system. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze the effect of the three rackets on ball speed, percentage of serve in, serve kinematics and kinetics.

          Results

          No significant differences in ball speed, maximal racket head velocity and percentage of serve in were observed between the three rackets. The lowest maximal upper limb kinetics and the highest upper limb maximal angular velocities were obtained with the scaled 23 inches racket.

          Discussion

          Using scaled rackets has the advantage to decrease shoulder and elbow loadings without reducing serve performance. Consequently, the present results incite tennis coaches and parents to not upgrade too soon the size of the racket in young intermediate tennis players to avoid overuse injury risks in the long term. Our results showed that the full-size 27 inches racket induced higher lower limb kinematics. As a consequence, occasionally serving with a fullsize racket can be a sparingly interesting intervention to help young tennis players to intuitively and immediately increase their leg drive action, allowing a more functional representation of the elite junior serve.

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          A power primer.

          Jacob Cohen (1992)
          One possible reason for the continued neglect of statistical power analysis in research in the behavioral sciences is the inaccessibility of or difficulty with the standard material. A convenient, although not comprehensive, presentation of required sample sizes is provided here. Effect-size indexes and conventional values for these are given for operationally defined small, medium, and large effects. The sample sizes necessary for .80 power to detect effects at these levels are tabled for eight standard statistical tests: (a) the difference between independent means, (b) the significance of a product-moment correlation, (c) the difference between independent rs, (d) the sign test, (e) the difference between independent proportions, (f) chi-square tests for goodness of fit and contingency tables, (g) one-way analysis of variance, and (h) the significance of a multiple or multiple partial correlation.
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            Constraints on the Development of Coordination

            K. Newell (1986)
            Article 0 comments Cited 239 times – based on 0 reviews
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              Affordances can invite behavior: Reconsidering the relationship between affordances and agency

              Rob Withagen, Harjo J. de Poel, Duarte Araújo … (2012)
              Article 0 comments Cited 142 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 February 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1104146
                Affiliations
                [1] 1M2S Laboratory, University Rennes , Rennes, France
                [2] 2M2S Laboratory, Inria, University Rennes , Rennes, France
                [3] 3Ille-et-Vilaine Tennis Departmental Committee, Maison Départementale des Sports, French Tennis Federation , Rennes, France
                Author notes

                Edited by: Goran Vuckovic, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

                Reviewed by: Selcuk Akpinar, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Türkiye; Ersan Arslan, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Türkiye; Nicolas Robin, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, France

                *Correspondence: Caroline Martin, caromartin@ 123456numericable.fr

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Movement Science and Sport Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1104146
                PMC ID: 9950502
                PubMed ID: 36844270
                SO-VID: 4cf9258c-0182-49b2-b40c-cd108a50c021
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023 Touzard, Lecomte, Bideau, Kulpa, Fourel, Fadier, Cantin and Martin.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 21 November 2022
                Date accepted : 19 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 5, Equations: 1, References: 44, Pages: 8, Words: 7134
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: modified sport,scaling equipment,ecological dynamic approach,children’s sport,constraints-led approach,performance analysis,injury risks,joint loadings
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: modified sport, scaling equipment, ecological dynamic approach, children’s sport, constraints-led approach, performance analysis, injury risks, joint loadings

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