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      Root-emitted volatile organic compounds: can they mediate belowground plant-plant interactions?

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          Biosynthesis, function and metabolic engineering of plant volatile organic compounds.

          Natalia Dudareva, Antje Klempien, Joëlle K. Muhlemann … (2013)
          Plants synthesize an amazing diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that facilitate interactions with their environment, from attracting pollinators and seed dispersers to protecting themselves from pathogens, parasites and herbivores. Recent progress in -omics technologies resulted in the isolation of genes encoding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of many volatiles and contributed to our understanding of regulatory mechanisms involved in VOC formation. In this review, we largely focus on the biosynthesis and regulation of plant volatiles, the involvement of floral volatiles in plant reproduction as well as their contribution to plant biodiversity and applications in agriculture via crop-pollinator interactions. In addition, metabolic engineering approaches for both the improvement of plant defense and pollinator attraction are discussed in light of methodological constraints and ecological complications that limit the transition of crops with modified volatile profiles from research laboratories to real-world implementation. © 2013 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2013 New Phytologist Trust.
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            Root exudation and rhizosphere biology.

            Travis Walker, Harsh Pal Bais, Erich Grotewold … (2003)
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              Recruitment of entomopathogenic nematodes by insect-damaged maize roots.

              Sergio Rasmann, Tobias G Köllner, Jörg Degenhardt … (2005)
              Plants under attack by arthropod herbivores often emit volatile compounds from their leaves that attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Here we report the first identification of an insect-induced belowground plant signal, (E)-beta-caryophyllene, which strongly attracts an entomopathogenic nematode. Maize roots release this sesquiterpene in response to feeding by larvae of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, a maize pest that is currently invading Europe. Most North American maize lines do not release (E)-beta-caryophyllene, whereas European lines and the wild maize ancestor, teosinte, readily do so in response to D. v. virgifera attack. This difference was consistent with striking differences in the attractiveness of representative lines in the laboratory. Field experiments showed a fivefold higher nematode infection rate of D. v. virgifera larvae on a maize variety that produces the signal than on a variety that does not, whereas spiking the soil near the latter variety with authentic (E)-beta-caryophyllene decreased the emergence of adult D. v. virgifera to less than half. North American maize lines must have lost the signal during the breeding process. Development of new varieties that release the attractant in adequate amounts should help enhance the efficacy of nematodes as biological control agents against root pests like D. v. virgifera.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Plant and Soil
                Abbreviated Title: Plant Soil
                Publisher: Springer Nature
                ISSN (Print): 0032-079X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-5036
                Publication date Created: May 2016
                Publication date (Print): February 2016
                Volume: 402
                Issue: 1-2
                Pages: 1-26
                Article
                DOI: 10.1007/s11104-016-2823-3
                SO-VID: 4cfda456-e97c-4383-b212-2c2d31147059
                Copyright © © 2016
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