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      Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide improves rat DSS-induced colitis by altering cecal microbiota and gene expression of colonic epithelial cells

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          Abstract

          Background

          The effects of β-glucan on colitis mice are contradictory in previous reports. As a result, it is still unclear whether there is an anti-colitis effect in Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP), which is mainly composed of β-glucan. Moreover, the association between GLP function and gut microbiota remains to be elucidated.

          Objective

          This study aimed to investigate whether GLP consumption improved rat dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis by regulating gut microbiota and altering colonic epithelial expression.

          Design

          The disease activity index (DAI) scores and the cecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels of DSS-induced colitis rats fed with a GLP diet (Group GLP, n = 6) and a control diet (Group Con, n = 6) were investigated and analyzed. Moreover, the profiles of gut microbiota and colonic epithelial expression were analyzed using metagenomics and transcriptomics.

          Results

          GLP consumption significantly lowered animal DAI scores by producing more SCFAs by increasing SCFA-producing bacteria such as Ruminococcus_1 and reducing pathogens such as Escherichia-Shigella in both the small intestine and cecum of rat. Moreover, GLP consumption regulated 11 genes, including six upregulated ( Ccl5, Cd3e, Cd8a, Il21r, Lck, and Trbv) and five downregulated ( Ccl3, Gro, Il11, Mhc2, and Ptgs) genes enriched in six inflammation-related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, resulting in enhancement of immunity and reduction of inflammatory response and colonic cancer risk.

          Conclusions

          GLP consumption alleviated DSS-induced colitis and may have potential for ulcerative colitis relief.

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          Most cited references40

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          Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota

          Petra Louis, Harry J. Flint (2017)
          The human gut microbiota ferments dietary non-digestible carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). These microbial products are utilized by the host and propionate and butyrate in particular exert a range of health-promoting functions. Here an overview of the metabolic pathways utilized by gut microbes to produce these two SCFA from dietary carbohydrates and from amino acids resulting from protein breakdown is provided. This overview emphasizes the important role played by cross-feeding of intermediary metabolites (in particular lactate, succinate and 1,2-propanediol) between different gut bacteria. The ecophysiology, including growth requirements and responses to environmental factors, of major propionate and butyrate producing bacteria are discussed in relation to dietary modulation of these metabolites. A detailed understanding of SCFA metabolism by the gut microbiota is necessary to underpin effective strategies to optimize SCFA supply to the host.
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            Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health

            David Ríos-Covián, Patricia Ruas-Madiedo, Abelardo Margolles … (2016)
            The colon is inhabited by a dense population of microorganisms, the so-called “gut microbiota,” able to ferment carbohydrates and proteins that escape absorption in the small intestine during digestion. This microbiota produces a wide range of metabolites, including short chain fatty acids (SCFA). These compounds are absorbed in the large bowel and are defined as 1-6 carbon volatile fatty acids which can present straight or branched-chain conformation. Their production is influenced by the pattern of food intake and diet-mediated changes in the gut microbiota. SCFA have distinct physiological effects: they contribute to shaping the gut environment, influence the physiology of the colon, they can be used as energy sources by host cells and the intestinal microbiota and they also participate in different host-signaling mechanisms. We summarize the current knowledge about the production of SCFA, including bacterial cross-feedings interactions, and the biological properties of these metabolites with impact on the human health.
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              Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asia-pacific Crohn's and colitis epidemiology study.

              Siew C. Ng, Whitney Tang, Jessica Y. L. Ching … (2013)
              Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are becoming more common in Asia, but epidemiologic data are lacking. The Asia-Pacific Crohn's and Colitis Epidemiology Study aimed to determine the incidence and phenotype of IBD in 8 countries across Asia and in Australia. We performed a prospective, population-based study of IBD incidence in predefined catchment areas, collecting data for 1 year, starting on April 1, 2011. New cases were ascertained from multiple overlapping sources and entered into a Web-based database. Cases were confirmed using standard criteria. Local endoscopy, pathology, and pharmacy records were searched to ensure completeness of case capture. We identified 419 new cases of IBD (232 of ulcerative colitis [UC], 166 of Crohn's disease [CD], and 21 IBD-undetermined). The crude annual overall incidence values per 100,000 individuals were 1.37 for IBD in Asia (95% confidence interval: 1.25-1.51; 0.76 for UC, 0.54 for CD, and 0.07 for IBD-undetermined) and 23.67 in Australia (95% confidence interval: 18.46-29.85; 7.33 for UC, 14.00 for CD, and 2.33 for IBD-undetermined). China had the highest incidence of IBD in Asia (3.44 per 100,000 individuals). The ratios of UC to CD were 2.0 in Asia and 0.5 in Australia. Median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 5.5 months (interquartile range, 1.4-15 months). Complicated CD (stricturing, penetrating, or perianal disease) was more common in Asia than Australia (52% vs 24%; P = .001), and a family history of IBD was less common in Asia (3% vs 17%; P < .001). We performed a large-scale population-based study and found that although the incidence of IBD varies throughout Asia, it is still lower than in the West. IBD can be as severe or more severe in Asia than in the West. The emergence of IBD in Asia will result in the need for specific health care resources, and offers a unique opportunity to study etiologic factors in developing nations. Copyright © 2013 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Food Nutr Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Food Nutr Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): FNR
                Title: Food & Nutrition Research
                Publisher: Open Academia
                ISSN (Electronic): 1654-661X
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 February 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 63
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.29219/fnr.v63.1559
                Affiliations
                Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
                Author notes
                [* ] Jianming Luo and Xichun Peng, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China. Email: baiding86@ 123456126.com ; tpxchun@ 123456jnu.edu.cn
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 1559
                DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v63.1559
                PMC ID: 6387425
                PubMed ID: 30814921
                SO-VID: 4d1895e2-a2f4-44e5-bfb2-0019e7266d63
                Copyright © © 2019 Jinli Xie et al.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

                History
                Date received : 14 August 2018
                Date revision received : 01 January 2019
                Date accepted : 03 January 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide,colitis,short-chain fatty acids,gut microbiota,colonic epithelial expression
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, colitis, short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota, colonic epithelial expression

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