[1
]School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
[2
]Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA; and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA; and Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of
Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
[3
]School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
[4
]National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health
Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation
Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK
[5
]Program on Health Care Quality and Outcomes, Division of Health Services and Social
Policy Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
[6
]RTI-UNC Evidence-based Practice Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park,
NC 27709, USA
[7
]Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
[8
]Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology
& Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
[9
]School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
[10
]METHODS Team, Centre of Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research,
INSERM UMR 1153, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
[11
]Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and
MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK
[12
]Women's College Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto,
Canada
[13
]Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
[14
]Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT,
UK
[15
]Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Southern Denmark & Odense University
Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
[16
]Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
[17
]Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael’s
Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
[18
]Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
[19
]School of Education, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
[20
]Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
[21
]Evidence Services, Kaiser Permanente, Care Management Institute, Oakland, CA 94612,
USA
[22
]Department of Management, Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College—CUNY, New York,
NY 10010, USA
[23
]Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
[24
]Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton,
Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
[25
]Departments of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and of Medicine, Cochrane Applicability
and Recommendations Methods (GRADEing) Group, MacGRADE center, Ontario, L8N 4K1, Canada
[26
]Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Center for Practice Changing Research and School
of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
[27
]Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
[28
]Department of Medicine and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
[29
]Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
[30
]University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
[31
]International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, and London International Development Centre, London, UK
[32
]Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and
Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
[33
]School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Director, Cardiovascular
Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y
4W7, Canada
[34
]School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK;
and National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied
Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS
Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK
[35
]School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
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