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      Avian attendance and foraging at army-ant swarms in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico

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      Journal of Tropical Ecology
      Cambridge University Press (CUP)

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          ABSTRACT

          Foraging and attendance of birds at army-ant swarm raids were studied in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Sixty-eight raiding swarms were intercepted over a four-year period of which 57% were Eciton burchelliand 43% Labidus praedator. A total of 461 birds (37 species/12 families) were recorded at swarms of E. burchelliand 208 birds (34 species/10 families) were recorded at L. praedator swarms. The mean number of bird species detected per swarm was 7.2 at E. burchelliraids and 5.6 at L. praedatorraids. Red-throated ant-tanagers ( Habia fuscicauda) were most frequently seen at the swarms of both army-ant species. Other important species were the golden-crowned warbler ( Basileuterus culicivorus), the white-breasted wood wren ( Henicorhina leucosticta) and the Kentucky warbler ( Oporornis formosus). Swarms of both army-ant species were active year-round. Birds weighing between 20 and 40 g dominated perches closest to the ground and the central zone of the swarms, richest in animal prey. Birds weighing less than 20 g occupied higher perches and tended to forage in more peripheral zones. At Los Tuxtlas raiding swarms of army ants are important in the foraging ecology of 44 bird species, including 12 North American migrants.

          RESUMEN

          La asistencia y caza de artropodos por aves en oleadas de hormigas marabunta fué estudiada en la selva tropical Uuviosa de Los Tuxtlas, México. Sesenta y ocho oleadas fueron interceptadas durante un periodo de cuatro anos. De estas el 57% pertenecian a la especies Eciton burchelliy el 43% a Labidus praedator. Un total de 461 aves (37 especies/12 familias) se registraron en la oleadas de E. burchelli y 208 aves (34 especies/10 familias) se registraron en la oleadas de L. praedator. El número medio de especies registrada por oleada fué de 7.2 ± 1.7 para E. burchelliy de 5.6 ±2.1 para L. praedator. La especie con el mayor índice de asistencia a las oleadas de ambas especies de hormiga marabunta fué Habia fuscicauda. Otras especies importantes fueron Basileuterus culicivorus, Henicorhina leucosticta y Oporomis formosus. Las oleadas de ambas especies de hormigas estuvieron activas en todos los meses del año y la asistencia de las aves a las oleadas es predecible en cada mes. Las aves que pesaron entre 20 y 40 gr dominaron las perchas verticales más cercanas al suelo y la zona central de las oleadas donde existe una mayor concentración de artropodos. En la selva de Los Tuxtlas las oleadas de hormigas marabunta son un elemento importante en la ecologi'a del forrajeo de 44 especies de aves, incluyendo 12 migratorias de Norte America.

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          Birds and Army Ants

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            Fruiting and frugivores at a strangler fig in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico

            Diurnal and nocturnal censuses were conducted on animal visitors at a single stranglerFicusaff.cotinifolia(H.B.K.) tree during the entire period of ripe fruit availability. Fruit fall to the ground was measured with fruit traps, and chemical analyses were conducted on the figs. Fourteen species of birds, four species of nonvolant mammals and two species of bats consumed the figs. Of the total number of ripe figs accounted for during the sampling period (N= 1.9 X 105), 42% fell to the ground, 45% were removed by mammals and 13% by birds. Frugivores such as the howling monkeyAlouatta palliata, the cacomistleBassariscus sumichrasti, the keel-billed toucanRamphastos sulphuratusand fruit-eating bats removed the largest amounts of figs from the tree and deposited seeds of 13 plant species other than figs below the tree crown.
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              Frugivory and seed dispersal in Cymbopetalum baillonii (Annonaceae) at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico

              Fruit production, frugivore foraging activity and seed dispersal was studied at 10Cymbopetalum baillonii(Annonaceae) trees during an entire fruiting season. Fruits dehisced during the first six months of the year offer to potential dispersal agents a package of 8–24 arillate seeds. Insects and fungi, however, killed up to 14% of the seeds potentially available for dispersal before fruit dehiscence. Visitation by 24 species of birds and one mammal to the trees closely followed the availability of arillate seeds. The foraging activity ofPeromyscusandHeteromysrodents accounted for ≥ 80% mortality of the seeds deposited under the crown of the parent tree. Among those seedlings that became established under the crown mortality was ≥ 90% after 12 months. Seeds dispersed under conspecific fruiting trees experienced intense predation by vertebrates. Field experiments showed that seeds and seedlings planted ≥ 30 m away from adult trees survived significantly longer than those planted under the crown and at distances ≤ 30 m. An unequivocal advantage to dispersal away from the tree and under allospecific trees was evident from the data. A very narrow range of frugivores (N = 8 species) accounted for the quality component of dispersal services to the trees. The tree with the lowest animal visitation and fruit crop was the most efficient in the dispersal of its seeds.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                applab
                Journal of Tropical Ecology
                J. Trop. Ecol.
                Cambridge University Press (CUP)
                0266-4674
                1469-7831
                August 1989
                July 10 2009
                : 5
                : 03
                : 281-292
                Article
                10.1017/S0266467400003655
                4d331b8e-6f42-4eb5-af67-178a40327636
                © 2009
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