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      Seroepidemiology of group I human coronaviruses in children

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          Abstract

          Background

          Recently, several new human coronaviruses have been identified.

          Objectives

          To define the seroepidemiology of group I human coronaviruses.

          Study design

          A recombinant protein enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on portions of the nucleocapsid protein of group I human coronaviruses was developed and was used to screen serum from 243 children and young adults.

          Results

          For HCoV-229E, the percentages of seropositive individuals were 57.1% for infants <2 months old; 38.9% for infants 2–3 months old; 4.7% for infants 4–5 months old; 42.9–50.0% for infants 6–12 months old; 34.8–62.5% for individuals 1–20 years old. For HCoV-NL63, the percentages of seropositive individuals were 45.2% for infants <2 months old; 11.1% for infants 2–3 months old; 4.7% for infants 4–5 months old; 28.6–40.0% for infants 6–12 months old; 25.0–70.3% for individuals 1–20 years old.

          Conclusions

          Infection with these viruses is common in childhood though the prevalence of these viruses may vary from year to year.

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          Most cited references24

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          Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

          Christian Drosten, Stephan Günther, Wolfgang Preiser … (2003)
          The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has recently been identified as a new clinical entity. SARS is thought to be caused by an unknown infectious agent. Clinical specimens from patients with SARS were searched for unknown viruses with the use of cell cultures and molecular techniques. A novel coronavirus was identified in patients with SARS. The virus was isolated in cell culture, and a sequence 300 nucleotides in length was obtained by a polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based random-amplification procedure. Genetic characterization indicated that the virus is only distantly related to known coronaviruses (identical in 50 to 60 percent of the nucleotide sequence). On the basis of the obtained sequence, conventional and real-time PCR assays for specific and sensitive detection of the novel virus were established. Virus was detected in a variety of clinical specimens from patients with SARS but not in controls. High concentrations of viral RNA of up to 100 million molecules per milliliter were found in sputum. Viral RNA was also detected at extremely low concentrations in plasma during the acute phase and in feces during the late convalescent phase. Infected patients showed seroconversion on the Vero cells in which the virus was isolated. The novel coronavirus might have a role in causing SARS. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome.

            Thomas G Ksiazek, Dean Erdman, Cynthia Goldsmith … (2003)
            A worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been associated with exposures originating from a single ill health care worker from Guangdong Province, China. We conducted studies to identify the etiologic agent of this outbreak. We received clinical specimens from patients in seven countries and tested them, using virus-isolation techniques, electron-microscopical and histologic studies, and molecular and serologic assays, in an attempt to identify a wide range of potential pathogens. None of the previously described respiratory pathogens were consistently identified. However, a novel coronavirus was isolated from patients who met the case definition of SARS. Cytopathological features were noted in Vero E6 cells inoculated with a throat-swab specimen. Electron-microscopical examination revealed ultrastructural features characteristic of coronaviruses. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining revealed reactivity with group I coronavirus polyclonal antibodies. Consensus coronavirus primers designed to amplify a fragment of the polymerase gene by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to obtain a sequence that clearly identified the isolate as a unique coronavirus only distantly related to previously sequenced coronaviruses. With specific diagnostic RT-PCR primers we identified several identical nucleotide sequences in 12 patients from several locations, a finding consistent with a point-source outbreak. Indirect fluorescence antibody tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays made with the new isolate have been used to demonstrate a virus-specific serologic response. This virus may never before have circulated in the U.S. population. A novel coronavirus is associated with this outbreak, and the evidence indicates that this virus has an etiologic role in SARS. Because of the death of Dr. Carlo Urbani, we propose that our first isolate be named the Urbani strain of SARS-associated coronavirus. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia.

              Patrick C. Y. Woo, Susanna Lau, Chung-ming Chu … (2005)
              Despite extensive laboratory investigations in patients with respiratory tract infections, no microbiological cause can be identified in a significant proportion of patients. In the past 3 years, several novel respiratory viruses, including human metapneumovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and human coronavirus NL63, were discovered. Here we report the discovery of another novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1 (CoV-HKU1), from a 71-year-old man with pneumonia who had just returned from Shenzhen, China. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that the amount of CoV-HKU1 RNA was 8.5 to 9.6 x 10(6) copies per ml in his nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) during the first week of the illness and dropped progressively to undetectable levels in subsequent weeks. He developed increasing serum levels of specific antibodies against the recombinant nucleocapsid protein of CoV-HKU1, with immunoglobulin M (IgM) titers of 1:20, 1:40, and 1:80 and IgG titers of <1:1,000, 1:2,000, and 1:8,000 in the first, second and fourth weeks of the illness, respectively. Isolation of the virus by using various cell lines, mixed neuron-glia culture, and intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice was unsuccessful. The complete genome sequence of CoV-HKU1 is a 29,926-nucleotide, polyadenylated RNA, with G+C content of 32%, the lowest among all known coronaviruses with available genome sequence. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that CoV-HKU1 is a new group 2 coronavirus. Screening of 400 NPAs, negative for SARS-CoV, from patients with respiratory illness during the SARS period identified the presence of CoV-HKU1 RNA in an additional specimen, with a viral load of 1.13 x 10(6) copies per ml, from a 35-year-old woman with pneumonia. Our data support the existence of a novel group 2 coronavirus associated with pneumonia in humans.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jeffrey S. Kahn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Clin Virol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Clin. Virol
                Title: Journal of Clinical Virology
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 1386-6532
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-5967
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 September 2007
                Publication date (Print): November 2007
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 September 2007
                Volume: 40
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 207-213
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
                [b ]Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, United States. Tel.: +1 203 785 6778; fax: +1 203 785 6961. Jeffrey.Kahn@ 123456yale.edu
                [1]

                Current address: CuraGen Corporation, Branford, CT, United States.

                [2]

                Current address: Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S1386-6532(07)00289-2
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.08.007
                PMC ID: 2100388
                PubMed ID: 17889596
                SO-VID: 4d468af6-2adb-4512-9336-7a592b4f2a98
                Copyright statement: Copyright © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 14 November 2006
                Date revision received : 1 August 2007
                Date accepted : 14 August 2007
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: human coronavirus,seroepidemiology,nucleocapsid
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: human coronavirus, seroepidemiology, nucleocapsid

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