18
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Bacterial lipids: powerful modifiers of the innate immune response

      review-article
      1 , a , 1
      F1000Research
      F1000Research
      lipoproteins, LPS, LTA, TLR2, TLR4, innate immunity

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          The innate immune system serves as a first line of defense against microbial pathogens. The host innate immune response can be triggered by recognition of conserved non-self-microbial signature molecules by specific host receptor proteins called Toll-like receptors. For bacteria, many of these molecular triggers reside on or are embedded in the bacterial membrane, the interface exposed to the host environment. Lipids are the most abundant component of membranes, and bacteria possess a unique set of lipids that can initiate or modify the host innate immune response. Bacterial lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, and outer membrane molecules lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide are key modulators of the host immune system. This review article will highlight some of the research emerging at the crossroads of bacterial membranes and innate immunity.

          Related collections

          Most cited references50

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Recognition of lipopeptide patterns by Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 heterodimer.

          Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) initiates potent immune responses by recognizing diacylated and triacylated lipopeptides. Its ligand specificity is controlled by whether it heterodimerizes with TLR1 or TLR6. We have determined the crystal structures of TLR2-TLR6-diacylated lipopeptide, TLR2-lipoteichoic acid, and TLR2-PE-DTPA complexes. PE-DTPA, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, is a synthetic phospholipid derivative. Two major factors contribute to the ligand specificity of TLR2-TLR1 or TLR2-TLR6 heterodimers. First, the lipid channel of TLR6 is blocked by two phenylalanines. Simultaneous mutation of these phenylalanines made TLR2-TLR6 fully responsive not only to diacylated but also to triacylated lipopeptides. Second, the hydrophobic dimerization interface of TLR2-TLR6 is increased by 80%, which compensates for the lack of amide lipid interaction between the lipopeptide and TLR2-TLR6. The structures of the TLR2-lipoteichoic acid and the TLR2-PE-DTPA complexes demonstrate that a precise interaction pattern of the head group is essential for a robust immune response by TLR2 heterodimers. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            LPS, TLR4 and infectious disease diversity.

            Innate immune receptors recognize microorganism-specific motifs. One such receptor-ligand complex is formed between the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MD2-CD14 complex and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recent research indicates that there is significant phylogenetic and individual diversity in TLR4-mediated responses. In addition, the diversity of LPS structures and the differential recognition of these structures by TLR4 have been associated with several bacterial diseases. This review will examine the hypothesis that the variability of bacterial ligands such as LPS and their innate immune receptors is an important factor in determining the outcome of infectious disease.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Teichoic acids and related cell-wall glycopolymers in Gram-positive physiology and host interactions.

              Most Gram-positive bacteria incorporate membrane- or peptidoglycan-attached carbohydrate-based polymers into their cell envelopes. Such cell-wall glycopolymers (CWGs) often have highly variable structures and have crucial roles in protecting, connecting and controlling the major envelope constituents. Further important roles of CWGs in host-cell adhesion, inflammation and immune activation have also been described in recent years. Identifying and harnessing highly conserved or species-specific structural features of CWGs offers excellent opportunities for developing new antibiotics, vaccines and diagnostics for use in the fight against severe infectious diseases, such as sepsis, pneumonia, anthrax and tuberculosis.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                F1000Res
                F1000Res
                F1000Research
                F1000Research
                F1000Research (London, UK )
                2046-1402
                7 August 2017
                2017
                : 6
                : F1000 Faculty Rev-1334
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore Street, 8th Floor South, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
                Author notes

                Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5016-8694
                Article
                10.12688/f1000research.11388.1
                5553087
                4d6963fe-8899-490b-8a2d-b1af0a1e51b2
                Copyright: © 2017 Chandler CE and Ernst RK

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 31 July 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health
                Award ID: GM111066
                Award ID: AI101685
                This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants GM111066 and AI101685.
                Categories
                Review
                Articles
                Biomacromolecule-Ligand Interactions
                Cell Signaling & Trafficking Structures
                Cellular Microbiology & Pathogenesis
                Immunity to Infections
                Immunomodulation
                Innate Immunity
                Medical Microbiology

                lipoproteins,lps,lta,tlr2,tlr4,innate immunity
                lipoproteins, lps, lta, tlr2, tlr4, innate immunity

                Comments

                Comment on this article