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      Outbreak-associated Salmonella enterica Serotypes and Food Commodities, United States, 1998–2008

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          Abstract

          Salmonella enterica infections are transmitted not only by animal-derived foods but also by vegetables, fruits, and other plant products. To clarify links between Salmonella serotypes and specific foods, we examined the diversity and predominance of food commodities implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis during 1998–2008. More than 80% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Hadar were attributed to eggs or poultry, whereas >50% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Javiana, Litchfield, Mbandaka, Muenchen, Poona, and Senftenberg were attributed to plant commodities. Serotypes Typhimurium and Newport were associated with a wide variety of food commodities. Knowledge about these associations can help guide outbreak investigations and control measures.

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          Most cited references31

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          Salmonella nomenclature.

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            Salmonellosis outcomes differ substantially by serotype.

            Most human infections are caused by closely related serotypes within 1 species of Salmonella. Few data are available on differences in severity of disease among common serotypes. We examined data from all cases of Salmonella infection in FoodNet states during 1996-2006. Data included serotype, specimen source, hospitalization, and outcome. Among 46,639 cases, 687 serotypes were identified. Overall, 41,624 isolates (89%) were from stool specimens, 2524 (5%) were from blood, and 1669 (4%) were from urine; 10,393 (22%) cases required hospitalization, and death occurred in 219 (0.5%). The case fatality rate for S. Newport (0.3%) was significantly lower than for Typhimurium (0.6%); Dublin (3.0%) was higher. With respect to invasive disease, 13 serotypes had a significantly higher proportion than Typhimurium (6%), including Enteritidis (7%), Heidelberg (13%), Choleraesuis (57%), and Dublin (64%); 13 serotypes were significantly less likely to be invasive. Twelve serotypes, including Enteritidis (21%) and Javiana (21%), were less likely to cause hospitalization than Typhimurium (24%); Choleraesuis (60%) was significantly more so. Salmonella serotypes are closely related genetically yet differ significantly in their pathogenic potentials. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for this may be key to a more general understanding of the invasiveness of intestinal bacterial infections.
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              Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and eggs: a national epidemic in the United States.

              Beginning in the 1970s, the incidence of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) infection and the number of related outbreaks in the United States has increased dramatically. By 1994, SE was the most commonly reported Salmonella serotype, with an incidence of >10 laboratory-confirmed infections per 100,000 population in the Northeast. Intensive epidemiologic and laboratory investigations identified shell eggs as the major vehicle for SE infection in humans, and that the eggs had been internally contaminated by transovarian transmission of SE in the laying hen. Three key interventions aimed at preventing the contamination and growth of SE in eggs have included farm-based programs to prevent SE from being introduced into egg-laying flocks, early and sustained refrigeration of shell eggs, and education of consumers and food workers about the risk of consuming raw or undercooked eggs. Since 1996, the incidence of SE infection in humans has decreased greatly, although many cases and outbreaks due to SE contaminated eggs continue to occur.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Emerg Infect Dis
                Emerging Infect. Dis
                EID
                Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                1080-6040
                1080-6059
                August 2013
                : 19
                : 8
                : 1239-1244
                Affiliations
                [1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Brendan R. Jackson, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop A38, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; email: brjackson1@ 123456cdc.gov
                Article
                12-1511
                10.3201/eid1908.121511
                3739514
                23876503
                4d91647e-e277-4f5e-ac7d-1b76a22db28f
                History
                Categories
                Research
                Research

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                salmonella enterica,bacteria,enteric infections,serotypes,foodborne diseases,food commodities,outbreaks,united states

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