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      Outbreaks of Tilapia Lake Virus Infection, Thailand, 2015–2016

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          Abstract

          During 2015–2016, several outbreaks of tilapia lake virus infection occurred among tilapia in Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus from Thailand grouped with a tilapia virus (family Orthomyxoviridae) from Israel. This emerging virus is a threat to tilapia aquaculture in Asia and worldwide.

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          Identification of four conserved motifs among the RNA-dependent polymerase encoding elements.

          O Poch, I Sauvaget, M Delarue … (1989)
          Four consensus sequences are conserved with the same linear arrangement in RNA-dependent DNA polymerases encoded by retroid elements and in RNA-dependent RNA polymerases encoded by plus-, minus- and double-strand RNA viruses. One of these motifs corresponds to the YGDD span previously described by Kamer and Argos (1984). These consensus sequences altogether lead to 4 strictly and 18 conservatively maintained amino acids embedded in a large domain of 120 to 210 amino acids. As judged from secondary structure predictions, each of the 4 motifs, which may cooperate to form a well-ordered domain, places one invariant amino acid in or proximal to turn structures that may be crucial for their correct positioning in a catalytic process. We suggest that this domain may constitute a prerequisite 'polymerase module' implicated in template seating and polymerase activity. At the evolutionary level, the sequence similarities, gap distribution and distances between each motif strongly suggest that the ancestral polymerase module was encoded by an individual genetic element which was most closely related to the plus-strand RNA viruses and the non-viral retroposons. This polymerase module gene may have subsequently propagated in the viral kingdom by distinct gene set recombination events leading to the wide viral variety observed today.
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            Identification of a novel RNA virus lethal to tilapia.

            Marina Eyngor, Rachel Zamostiano, Japhette Esther Kembou Tsofack … (2014)
            Tilapines are important for the sustainability of ecological systems and serve as the second most important group of farmed fish worldwide. Significant mortality of wild and cultured tilapia has been observed recently in Israel. The etiological agent of this disease, a novel RNA virus, is described here, and procedures allowing its isolation and detection are revealed. The virus, denominated tilapia lake virus (TiLV), was propagated in primary tilapia brain cells or in an E-11 cell line, and it induced a cytopathic effect at 5 to 10 days postinfection. Electron microscopy revealed enveloped icosahedral particles of 55 to 75 nm. Low-passage TiLV, injected intraperitoneally in tilapia, induced a disease resembling the natural disease, which typically presents with lethargy, ocular alterations, and skin erosions, with >80% mortality. Histological changes included congestion of the internal organs (kidneys and brain) with foci of gliosis and perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes in the brain cortex; ocular inflammation included endophthalmitis and cataractous changes of the lens. The cohabitation of healthy and diseased fish demonstrated that the disease is contagious and that mortalities (80 to 100%) occur within a few days. Fish surviving the initial mortality were immune to further TiLV infections, suggesting the mounting of a protective immune response. Screening cDNA libraries identified a TiLV-specific sequence, allowing the design of a PCR-based diagnostic test. This test enables the specific identification of TiLV in tilapines and should help control the spread of this virus worldwide.
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              Characterization of a Novel Orthomyxo-like Virus Causing Mass Die-Offs of Tilapia

              Eran Bacharach, Nischay Mishra, Thomas Briese … (2016)
              ABSTRACT Tilapia are an important global food source due to their omnivorous diet, tolerance for high-density aquaculture, and relative disease resistance. Since 2009, tilapia aquaculture has been threatened by mass die-offs in farmed fish in Israel and Ecuador. Here we report evidence implicating a novel orthomyxo-like virus in these outbreaks. The tilapia lake virus (TiLV) has a 10-segment, negative-sense RNA genome. The largest segment, segment 1, contains an open reading frame with weak sequence homology to the influenza C virus PB1 subunit. The other nine segments showed no homology to other viruses but have conserved, complementary sequences at their 5′ and 3′ termini, consistent with the genome organization found in other orthomyxoviruses. In situ hybridization indicates TiLV replication and transcription at sites of pathology in the liver and central nervous system of tilapia with disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): June 2017
                Volume: 23
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 1031-1033
                Affiliations
                [1]Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (W. Surachetpong, P. Tattiyapong);
                [2]Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok (T. Janetanakit, N. Nonthabenjawan, A. Amonsin);
                [3]Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok (K. Sirikanchana);
                [4]Ministry of Education, Bangkok (K. Sirikanchana)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Win Surachetpong, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 10900; email: fvetwsp@ 123456ku.ac.th
                Article
                Publisher ID: 16-1278
                DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.161278
                PMC ID: 5443430
                PubMed ID: 28518020
                SO-VID: 4db10d07-e0ec-4339-bd28-fd9c435f0d63
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research Letter
                Subject: Research Letter
                Subject: Outbreaks of Tilapia Lake Virus Infection, Thailand, 2015–2016

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: tilapia lake virus,tilapia,thailand,outbreaks,viruses,fish,aquaculture
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: tilapia lake virus, tilapia, thailand, outbreaks, viruses, fish, aquaculture

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