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      Raptors and "campo-cerrado" bird mixed flock led by Cypsnagra Hirundinacea (Emberizidae:Thraupinae) Translated title: Predadores aéreos e bandos mistos de aves, em campo-cerrado, liderados por Cypsnagra hirundinacea (Emberizidae: Thraupinae)

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          Abstract

          Bird mixed flocks including Cypsnagra hirundinacea and Neothraupis fasciata as species with sentinels were studied in "campo-cerrado" in order to investigate the possible relationship between alertness and the mixed flock leadership. This study was conducted from March to September 1996 and mixed flocks were observed on average for 2:30h. The time with sentinels were recorded for C. hirundinacea and N. fasciata. The sentinels of Cypsnagra hirundinacea performed most of the vigilance (time with sentinel was on average 42 ± 17%, 41 ± 17% of which by C. hirundinacea, whereas only 1.2 % by N. fasciata) and gave all the alarm calls recorded (54% of the encounters with raptors stimulated alarm calls). A relationship was verified between time with sentinel and the rate of encounters with raptor (ANOVA, F = 3.0, P < 0.05). The results of this study are an evidence for the anti-predatory function of mixed flocks, in campo-cerrado, and the alertness as a major feature of a leader species, since C. hirundinacea always led those flocks.

          Translated abstract

          Bandos mistos de aves incluindo Cypsnagra hirundinacea e Neothraupis fasciata como espécies que vigiam por sentinelas foram estudados em campo-cerrado de março a setembro de 1996. O propósito desse estudo foi verificar a possível relação entre o grau de alerta de uma espécie e a liderança dos bandos. Durante as observações (em média de 2h30) foi quantificado o tempo vigiado por sentinelas de ambas as espécies. Os sentinelas de Cypsnagra hirundinacea realizaram a quase totalidade da vigilância (tempo com sentinela foi em média de 42 ± 17% do tempo, sendo 41 ± 17% vigiado por C. hirundinacea e 1,2% por N. fasciata), além de emitirem todos os chamados de alarme registrados (54% dos encontros com predadores aéreos estimularam chamados de alarme). O tempo vigiado por sentinelas nos bandos apresentou relação significativa com a taxa de encontro entre os predadores aéreos e os bandos (ANOVA, F = 3,0; p < 0,05). Esses resultados evidenciam a função antipredatória dos bandos mistos em campo-cerrado e que o grau de alerta é uma característica relevante em uma espécie líder, uma vez que esses bandos sempre foram liderados por C. hirundinacea.

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          Most cited references37

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          Ornitologia Brasileira

          H SICK, H Sick (1997)
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            • Article: not found

            Multi-Species Territoriality in Neotropical Foraging Flocks

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              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              Avian flocking in the presence of a predator

                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbbio
                Revista Brasileira de Biologia
                Rev. Bras. Biol.
                Instituto Internacional de Ecologia (São Carlos, SP, Brazil )
                0034-7108
                August 2000
                : 60
                : 3
                : 461-467
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio Claro SP orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista orgdiv1IB Brazil
                Article
                S0034-71082000000300011 S0034-7108(00)06000311
                4dc06253-f6e8-4316-a1c3-201e77acddc7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 December 1998
                : 29 July 1999
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Zoology

                Animal science & Zoology
                nuclear species,raptors,Thraupinae,sentinel,mixed flock,predadores aéreos,espécie nuclear,bandos mistos,sentinelas

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