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      First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolf (Canis lupus italicus)

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          Abstract

          Within the genus Trichinella, Trichinella pseudospiralis is the only recognized non-encapsulated species known to infect mammals and birds. In October 2020, larvae recovered from muscle tissues of a wolf ( Canis lupus italicus) originating from Molise Region, Central Italy, were molecularly confirmed as those of Trichinella britovi and T. pseudospiralis. This is the first detection of T. pseudospiralis from a wolf. In Italy, this zoonotic nematode was detected in a red fox ( Vulpes vulpes), three birds ( Strix aluco, Athene noctua, Milvus milvus) and five wild boars ( Sus scrofa), and was also identified as the etiological agent of a human outbreak of trichinellosis in 2015. Since T. pseudospiralis is rarely reported from carnivore mammals in comparison to the encapsulated species frequently detected in these hosts, this finding opens the question of the role of carnivores as reservoirs for this parasite.

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          Highlights

          • •

            First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis infection in a wolf.

          • •

            T. pseudospiralis is rarely documented in carnivorous mammals.

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            T. pseudospiralis and T. britovi mixed infection in a wolf.

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          Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis.

          Edoardo Pozio, Bruno Gottstein, Karsten Nöckler (2008)
          Throughout much of the world, Trichinella spp. are found to be the causative agents of human trichinellosis, a disease that not only is a public health hazard by affecting human patients but also represents an economic problem in porcine animal production and food safety. Due to the predominantly zoonotic importance of infection, the main efforts in many countries have focused on the control of Trichinella or the elimination of Trichinella from the food chain. The most important source of human infection worldwide is the domestic pig, but, e.g., in Europe, meats of horses and wild boars have played a significant role during outbreaks within the past 3 decades. Infection of humans occurs with the ingestion of Trichinella larvae that are encysted in muscle tissue of domestic or wild animal meat. Early clinical diagnosis of trichinellosis is rather difficult because pathognomonic signs or symptoms are lacking. Subsequent chronic forms of the disease are not easy to diagnose, irrespective of parameters including clinical findings, laboratory findings (nonspecific laboratory parameters such as eosinophilia, muscle enzymes, and serology), and epidemiological investigations. New regulations laying down rules for official controls for Trichinella in meat in order to improve food safety for consumers have recently been released in Europe. The evidence that the disease can be monitored and to some extent controlled with a rigorous reporting and testing system in place should be motivation to expand appropriate programs worldwide.
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            New pieces of the Trichinella puzzle.

            Dante Zarlenga, Edoardo Pozio (2013)
            Contrary to our understanding of just a few decades ago, the genus Trichinella now consists of a complex assemblage of no less than nine different species and three additional genotypes whose taxonomic status remains in flux. New data and methodologies have allowed advancements in detection and differentiation at the population level which in turn have demonstrably advanced epidemiological, immunological and genetic investigations. In like manner, molecular and genetic studies have permitted us to hypothesise biohistorical events leading to the worldwide dissemination of this genus, and to begin crystalising the evolution of Trichinella on a macro scale. The identification of species in countries and continents otherwise considered Trichinella-free has raised questions regarding host adaptation and associations, and advanced important findings on the biogeographical histories of its members. Using past reviews as a backdrop, we have ventured to present an up-to-date assessment of the taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships and epidemiology of the genus Trichinella with additional insights on host species, survival strategies in nature and the shortcomings of our current understanding of the epidemiology of the genus. In addition, we have begun compiling information available to date on genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and population studies of consequence in the hope we can build on this in years to come. Copyright © 2013 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Hosts and habitats of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi in Europe.

              P Boireau, Gianluca Marucci, E Pozio … (2008)
              Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi are the two most common species of Trichinella circulating in Europe. Based on data provided to the International Trichinella Reference Centre over the past 20 years (data referring to 540 isolates of T. spiralis and 776 isolates of T. britovi), we describe the host species and habitat characteristics for these two pathogens in Europe. A Geographical Information System was constructed using administrative boundaries, a Corine Land Cover (CLC) map, and an elevation map. In most countries, T. britovi is more widespread (62.5-100% of the isolates) than T. spiralis (0.0-37.5%), although in Finland, Germany, Poland and Spain, T. spiralis is more prevalent (56.3-84.2% of the isolates). Trichinella britovi is more widespread than T. spiralis in sylvatic carnivores (89% versus 11%), whereas T. spiralis is prevalent in both wild boars (62% versus 38%) and domestic swine (82% versus 18%), as well as in rodents (75% versus 25%). Trichinella spiralis and T. britovi circulate in the same environments: 41.1% and 46.0%, respectively, in agricultural areas, and 45.5% and 46.6% in forested and semi-natural areas. Although both pathogens can be transmitted by domestic and sylvatic cycles, their epidemiology is strongly influenced by the higher adaptability of T. spiralis to swine and of T. britovi to carnivores. These results are important because they include information on the countries at risk for these pathogens, the role played by specific species as reservoirs, the role of the pathogens in domestic and sylvatic cycles, and the role of the habitat in their circulation. The results can also be used to identify the most suitable animal species for the monitoring of these pathogens in Europe.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Luciano Ricchiuti
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl
                Title: International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-2244
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 May 2021
                Publication date Collection: August 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 May 2021
                Volume: 15
                Pages: 195-198
                Affiliations
                [a ]Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
                [b ]Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. l.ricchiuti@ 123456izs.it
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2213-2244(21)00060-2
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.05.002
                PMC ID: 8182262
                PubMed ID: 34136345
                SO-VID: 4de3ccf7-e811-49cd-b596-4d60ebab9418
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 March 2021
                Date revision received : 11 May 2021
                Date accepted : 12 May 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Regular Article

                Keywords: trichinella pseudospiralis,trichinella britovi,wolf,italy,epidemiology,diagnosis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: trichinella pseudospiralis, trichinella britovi, wolf, italy, epidemiology, diagnosis

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