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      Clinical predictors of therapeutic response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia Translated title: Predictores clínicos de la respuesta terapéutica a los antipsicóticos en la esquizofrenia Translated title: Prédicteurs cliniques de la réponse thérapeutique aux antipsychotiques dans la schizophrénie

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          Abstract

          The search for clinical outcome predictors for schizophrenia is as old as the field of psychiatry. However, despite a wealth of large, longitudinal studies into prognostic factors, only very few clinically useful outcome predictors have been identified. The goal of future treatment is to either affect modifiable risk factors, or use nonmodifiable factors to parse patients into therapeutically meaningful subgroups. Most clinical outcome predictors are nonspecific and/or nonmodifiable. Nonmodifiable predictors for poor odds of remission include male sex, younger age at disease onset, poor premorbid adjustment, and severe baseline psychopathology. Modifiable risk factors for poor therapeutic outcomes that clinicians can act upon include longer duration of untreated illness, nonadherence to antipsychotics, comorbidities (especially substance-use disorders), lack of early antipsychotic response, and lack of improvement with non-clozapine antipsychotics, predicting clozapine response. It is hoped that this limited capacity for prediction will improve as pathophysiological understanding increases and/or new treatments for specific aspects of schizophrenia become available.

          Translated abstract

          La búsqueda de predictores de resultado clínico en la esquizofrenia es tan antigua como la psíquiatría. Sin embargo, a pesar de una gran cantídad de estudios longitudinales sobre los factores pronóstico, solo se han identificado unos pocos predíctores de resultado con utilidad clínica. El objetivo de las terapias a futuro es influir sobre los factores de riesgo modíficables, o bien emplear los factores inmodíficables para analizar a los pacientes en subgrupos terapéuticamente signíficativos. La mayor parte de los predictores de resultado clínico son inespecíficos ylo inmodíficables. Cuando hay una baja probabílidad de remisión los predictores inmodíficables incluyen al sexo masculíno, la menor edad de aparición de la enfermedad, un pobre ajuste premórbido y una grave psicopatología basal. Cuando hay pobres resultados terapéuticos los factores de riesgo modíficables sobre los cuales pueden actuar los clínicos incluyen la mayor duración de la enfermedad sín tratamiento, la falta de adherencía a los antipsicóticos, la comorbilidad (especialmente el abuso de sustancias), la falta de respuesta ínicial a los antipsicóticos y la ausencia de mejoría con antipsicóticos distintos de la clozapina, lo que puede predecír una respuesta a esta última. Se espera que esta capacidad límitada de predíccíón aumente en la medída que sea mayor la comprensión fisiopatológica ylo se disponga de nuevos tratamientos para aspectos específicos de la esquizofrenia.

          Translated abstract

          La recherche de facteurs de prédiction des résultats cliniques dans la schizophrénie est aussi ancienne que la psychiatrie elle-meme. Néanmoins, malgré de nombreuses grandes études longitudinales sur les facteurs pronostiques, très peu de ces facteurs utiles cliniquement ont été identifiés. Le but d'un traitement futur est soit de changer les facteurs de risque modifiables ou d'utiliser des facteurs non modifiables pour regrouper les patients dans des sous-groupes déterminants sur le plan thérapeutique. La plupart des facteurs de prédiction des résultats cliniques sont non spécifiques et/ou non modifiables. Le sexe masculin, un plus jeune âge au début de la maladie, un mauvais ajustement prémorbide et une pathologie psychiatrique sévère dès le début font partie des facteurs de prédiction non modifiables pour des chances de rémission médiocres. Une durée plus longue de maladie non traitée, une absence d'observance des antipsychotiques, des comorbidités (surtout l'usage de substances illicites), une absence de réponse précoce aux antipsychotiques et l'absence d'amélioration avec les antipsychotiques non-clozapiniques prédisant la réponse à la clozapine font partie des facteurs de risque modifiables de résultats thérapeutiques médiocres sur lesquels les médecins peuvent agir. Il faut espérer que cette faible capacité prédictive s'améliorera avec une meilleure compréhension physiopathologique et/ou le développement de traitements visant des aspects spécifiques de la schizophrénie.

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          Factors affecting therapeutic compliance: A review from the patient’s perspective

          Objective To explore and evaluate the most common factors causing therapeutic non-compliance. Methods A qualitative review was undertaken by a literature search of the Medline database from 1970 to 2005 to identify studies evaluating the factors contributing to therapeutic non-compliance. Results A total of 102 articles was retrieved and used in the review from the 2095 articles identified by the literature review process. From the literature review, it would appear that the definition of therapeutic compliance is adequately resolved. The preliminary evaluation revealed a number of factors that contributed to therapeutic non-compliance. These factors could be categorized to patient-centered factors, therapy-related factors, social and economic factors, healthcare system factors, and disease factors. For some of these factors, the impact on compliance was not unequivocal, but for other factors, the impact was inconsistent and contradictory. Conclusion There are numerous studies on therapeutic noncompliance over the years. The factors related to compliance may be better categorized as “soft” and “hard” factors as the approach in countering their effects may differ. The review also highlights that the interaction of the various factors has not been studied systematically. Future studies need to address this interaction issue, as this may be crucial to reducing the level of non-compliance in general, and to enhancing the possibility of achieving the desired healthcare outcomes.
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            Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review.

            Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is the time from manifestation of the first psychotic symptom to initiation of adequate treatment. It has been postulated that a longer DUP leads to a poorer prognosis. If so, outcome might be improved through earlier detection and treatment. To establish whether DUP is associated with prognosis and to determine whether any association is explained by confounding with premorbid adjustment. The CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health), EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsychLIT databases were searched from their inception dates to May 2004. Eligible studies reported the relationship between DUP and outcome in prospective cohorts recruited during their first episode of psychosis. Twenty-six eligible studies involving 4490 participants were identified from 11 458 abstracts, each screened by 2 reviewers. Data were extracted independently and were checked by double entry. Sensitivity analyses were conducted excluding studies that had follow-up rates of less than 80%, included affective psychoses, or did not use a standardized assessment of DUP. Independent meta-analyses were conducted of correlational data and of data derived from comparisons of long and short DUP groups. Most data were correlational, and these showed a significant association between DUP and several outcomes at 6 and 12 months (including total symptoms, depression/anxiety, negative symptoms, overall functioning, positive symptoms, and social functioning). Long vs short DUP data showed an association between longer DUP and worse outcome at 6 months in terms of total symptoms, overall functioning, positive symptoms, and quality of life. Patients with a long DUP were significantly less likely to achieve remission. The observed association between DUP and outcome was not explained by premorbid adjustment. There is convincing evidence of a modest association between DUP and outcome, which supports the case for clinical trials that examine the effect of reducing DUP.
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              A systematic review and meta-analysis of recovery in schizophrenia.

              Our primary aims were (a) to identify the proportion of individuals with schizophrenia and related psychoses who met recovery criteria based on both clinical and social domains and (b) to examine if recovery was associated with factors such as gender, economic index of sites, and selected design features of the study. We also examined if the proportions who met our definition of recovery had changed over time. A comprehensive search strategy was used to identify potential studies, and data were extracted for those that met inclusion criteria. The proportion who met our recovery criteria (improvements in both clinical and social domains and evidence that improvements in at least 1 of these 2 domains had persisted for at least 2 years) was extracted from each study. Meta-regression techniques were used to explore the association between the recovery proportions and the selected variables. We identified 50 studies with data suitable for inclusion. The median proportion (25%-75% quantiles) who met our recovery criteria was 13.5% (8.1%-20.0%). Studies from sites in countries with poorer economic status had higher recovery proportions. However, there were no statistically significant differences when the estimates were stratified according to sex, midpoint of intake period, strictness of the diagnostic criteria, duration of follow-up, or other design features. Based on the best available data, approximately, 1 in 7 individuals with schizophrenia met our criteria for recovery. Despite major changes in treatment options in recent decades, the proportion of recovered cases has not increased.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                December 2014
                December 2014
                : 16
                : 4
                : 505-524
                Affiliations
                The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, USA
                The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, USA; Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2014.16.4/mcarbon
                4336920
                25733955
                4deb3564-0612-4328-97bb-6bca96e97667
                Copyright: © 2014 Institut la Conférence Hippocrate - Servier Research Group

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Clinical Research

                Neurosciences
                schizophrenia,psychosis,response,remission,predictor,marker,association
                Neurosciences
                schizophrenia, psychosis, response, remission, predictor, marker, association

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