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      County-Level Radon and Incidence of Female Thyroid Cancer in Iowa, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, USA

      research-article
      1 , 2 , *
      Toxics
      MDPI
      radon, thyroid, cancer, incidence, spatial, maps

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          Abstract

          Background: Few studies have investigated the association between radon and thyroid cancer despite the sensitivity of the thyroid gland to radiation. Our goal is to investigate the association between county-level radon and incidence of female thyroid cancer in the US States of Iowa, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Methods: Thyroid cancer incidence data were provided by individual state cancer registries and span 1990–2013. Radon data come from a publicly available third-party database, AirChek, accessed in 2017. We tabulated the percent of radon above four picocuries per liter and the female thyroid cancer incidence rate in each county. Quantile maps were constructed, and an ordinary least-squares regression model was run using Geoda 1.10.0.8 (Chicago, IL, USA). Results: No association was observed between county-level radon and incidence of female thyroid cancer in any of the States: New Jersey (β = 0.06, p = 0.23); Iowa (β = −0.07, p = 0.07); or Wisconsin (β = −0.01, p = 0.78). A spatial regression model was considered, but the Moran’s I of the residuals from each of the models was not significant, so no spatial term was required. Discussion: In this county-level ecological study across three different States in the US, we did not find an association between elevated radon and thyroid cancer incidence in women. While this ecologic study reports null findings, due to the ecologic fallacy, individual-level studies of this association may still be warranted.

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          Most cited references19

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          Thyroid Cancer after Exposure to External Radiation: A Pooled Analysis of Seven Studies

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            The changing epidemiology of thyroid cancer: why is incidence increasing?

            Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing worldwide. Causes are highly debated.
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              Long-term trend of thyroid cancer risk among Japanese atomic-bomb survivors: 60 years after exposure.

              Thyroid cancer risk following exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood and adolescence is a topic of public concern. To characterize the long-term temporal trend and age-at-exposure variation in the radiation-induced risk of thyroid cancer, we analyzed thyroid cancer incidence data for the period from 1958 through 2005 among 105,401 members of the Life Span Study cohort of Japanese atomic-bomb survivors. During the follow-up period, 371 thyroid cancer cases (excluding those with microcarcinoma with a diameter 50 years after exposure.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Toxics
                Toxics
                toxics
                Toxics
                MDPI
                2305-6304
                16 March 2018
                March 2018
                : 6
                : 1
                : 17
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Hampton Bays High School, Hampton Bays, NY 11946, USA; caroline.oakland@ 123456aol.com
                [2 ]Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6408-8596
                Article
                toxics-06-00017
                10.3390/toxics6010017
                5874790
                29547509
                4def8cf4-d0c8-41e2-8985-617f14b195f8
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 January 2018
                : 14 March 2018
                Categories
                Article

                radon,thyroid,cancer,incidence,spatial,maps
                radon, thyroid, cancer, incidence, spatial, maps

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