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      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
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      Sugars, Sweet Taste Receptors, and Brain Responses

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Nutrients
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: sweet taste receptors, glucose sensing, nutrient sensing, leptin, hypothalamus

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          Abstract

          Sweet taste receptors are composed of a heterodimer of taste 1 receptor member 2 (T1R2) and taste 1 receptor member 3 (T1R3). Accumulating evidence shows that sweet taste receptors are ubiquitous throughout the body, including in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the hypothalamus. These sweet taste receptors are heavily involved in nutrient sensing, monitoring changes in energy stores, and triggering metabolic and behavioral responses to maintain energy balance. Not surprisingly, these pathways are heavily regulated by external and internal factors. Dysfunction in one or more of these pathways may be important in the pathogenesis of common diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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          Most cited references59

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          Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids.

          S. MUNRO, K L Thomas, M. Abu-Shaar … (1993)
          The major active ingredient of marijuana, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), has been used as a psychoactive agent for thousands of years. Marijuana, and delta 9-THC, also exert a wide range of other effects including analgesia, anti-inflammation, immunosuppression, anticonvulsion, alleviation of intraocular pressure in glaucoma, and attenuation of vomiting. The clinical application of cannabinoids has, however, been limited by their psychoactive effects, and this has led to interest in the biochemical bases of their action. Progress stemmed initially from the synthesis of potent derivatives of delta 9-THC, and more recently from the cloning of a gene encoding a G-protein-coupled receptor for cannabinoids. This receptor is expressed in the brain but not in the periphery, except for a low level in testes. It has been proposed that the nonpsychoactive effects of cannabinoids are either mediated centrally or through direct interaction with other, non-receptor proteins. Here we report the cloning of a receptor for cannabinoids that is not expressed in the brain but rather in macrophages in the marginal zone of spleen.
          Article 0 comments Cited 882 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA.

            L Matsuda, S Lolait, M J Brownstein … (1990)
            Marijuana and many of its constituent cannabinoids influence the central nervous system (CNS) in a complex and dose-dependent manner. Although CNS depression and analgesia are well documented effects of the cannabinoids, the mechanisms responsible for these and other cannabinoid-induced effects are not so far known. The hydrophobic nature of these substances has suggested that cannabinoids resemble anaesthetic agents in their action, that is, they nonspecifically disrupt cellular membranes. Recent evidence, however, has supported a mechanism involving a G protein-coupled receptor found in brain and neural cell lines, and which inhibits adenylate cyclase activity in a dose-dependent, stereoselective and pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. Also, the receptor is more responsive to psychoactive cannabinoids than to non-psychoactive cannabinoids. Here we report the cloning and expression of a complementary DNA that encodes a G protein-coupled receptor with all of these properties. Its messenger RNA is found in cell lines and regions of the brain that have cannabinoid receptors. These findings suggest that this protein is involved in cannabinoid-induced CNS effects (including alterations in mood and cognition) experienced by users of marijuana.
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              Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system.

              Roger Cone (2005)
              The central melanocortin system is perhaps the best-characterized neuronal pathway involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. This collection of circuits is unique in having the capability of sensing signals from a staggering array of hormones, nutrients and afferent neural inputs. It is likely to be involved in integrating long-term adipostatic signals from leptin and insulin, primarily received by the hypothalamus, with acute signals regulating hunger and satiety, primarily received by the brainstem. The system is also unique from a regulatory point of view in that it is composed of fibers expressing both agonists and antagonists of melanocortin receptors. Given that the central melanocortin system is an active target for development of drugs for the treatment of obesity, diabetes and cachexia, it is important to understand the system in its full complexity, including the likelihood that the system also regulates the cardiovascular and reproductive systems.
              Article 0 comments Cited 315 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients
                Title: Nutrients
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 June 2017
                Publication date Collection: July 2017
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 653
                Affiliations
                [1 ]1500 East Medical Center Drive, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA; allenlee@ 123456med.umcih.edu
                [2 ]3912 Taubman Center, SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: cowyang@ 123456med.umich.edu ; Tel.: +1-734-936-4785; Fax: +1-734-936-7392
                Article
                Publisher ID: nutrients-09-00653
                DOI: 10.3390/nu9070653
                PMC ID: 5537773
                PubMed ID: 28672790
                SO-VID: 4df1923f-b760-493d-a562-d152a7852d8d
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 10 April 2017
                Date accepted : 21 June 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: sweet taste receptors,glucose sensing,nutrient sensing,leptin,hypothalamus
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: sweet taste receptors, glucose sensing, nutrient sensing, leptin, hypothalamus

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