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      Prostate cancer in Asia: A collaborative report

      brief-report
      a , 1 , a , 1 , Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium, b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l , a , m , n , o , p , q , r , s , t , u , v , w , x , y , z , aa , ab , ac , ad , ae , af , ag , ah , ai , aj , ak , al , am , an , ao , a , a , a ,
      Asian Journal of Urology
      Second Military Medical University
      Prostate cancer, Asian population, Epidemiology, Risk factors, Racial differences, Surgery management

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          Abstract

          The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) within Asian population used to be much lower than in the Western population; however, in recent years the incidence and mortality rate of PCa in some Asian countries have grown rapidly. This collaborative report summarized the latest epidemiology information, risk factors, and racial differences in PCa diagnosis, current status and new trends in surgery management and novel agents for castration-resistant prostate cancer. We believe such information would be helpful in clinical decision making for urologists and oncologists, health-care ministries and medical researchers.

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          Most cited references62

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          RNA-seq analysis of prostate cancer in the Chinese population identifies recurrent gene fusions, cancer-associated long noncoding RNAs and aberrant alternative splicings.

          There are remarkable disparities among patients of different races with prostate cancer; however, the mechanism underlying this difference remains unclear. Here, we present a comprehensive landscape of the transcriptome profiles of 14 primary prostate cancers and their paired normal counterparts from the Chinese population using RNA-seq, revealing tremendous diversity across prostate cancer transcriptomes with respect to gene fusions, long noncoding RNAs (long ncRNA), alternative splicing and somatic mutations. Three of the 14 tumors (21.4%) harbored a TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, and the low prevalence of this fusion in Chinese patients was further confirmed in an additional tumor set (10/54=18.5%). Notably, two novel gene fusions, CTAGE5-KHDRBS3 (20/54=37%) and USP9Y-TTTY15 (19/54=35.2%), occurred frequently in our patient cohort. Further systematic transcriptional profiling identified numerous long ncRNAs that were differentially expressed in the tumors. An analysis of the correlation between expression of long ncRNA and genes suggested that long ncRNAs may have functions beyond transcriptional regulation. This study yielded new insights into the pathogenesis of prostate cancer in the Chinese population.
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            Long non-coding RNA metastasis associated in lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 derived miniRNA as a novel plasma-based biomarker for diagnosing prostate cancer.

            Examining plasma RNA is an emerging non-invasive diagnosis technique. However, whether tumour-derived long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in plasma can be used as a novel approach to detect human prostate cancer (PCa) has not yet been established. The study was divided into three parts: (1) the characteristics of PCa-related lncRNA fragments were systematically studied in the plasma or serum of 25 patients; (2) the source of the circulating lncRNA fragments was explored in vitro and in vivo; and (3) the diagnostic performance of metastasis associated in lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT-1) derived (MD) miniRNA was validated in an independent cohort of 192 patients. The expression levels of lncRNAs were measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The MD-miniRNA copies were calculated using a standard curve in an area under the ROC curve (AUC)-receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Genome-wide profiling revealed that MALAT-1 and prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) are overexpressed in PCa tissues. Plasma lncRNAs probably exist in the form of fragments in a stable form. MD-miniRNA enters cell culture medium at measurable levels, and MD-miniRNA derived from human PCa xenografts actually enters the circulation in vivo and can be measured to distinguish xenografted mice from controls. In addition, plasma MD-miniRNA levels are significantly elevated in PCa patients compared to non-PCa patients (p<0.001). At a cut-off of 867.8 MD-miniRNA copies per microlitre of plasma, the sensitivity is 58.6%, 58.6% and 43.5% and the specificity is 84.8%, 84.8% and 81.6% for discriminating PCa from non-PCa, positive biopsy from negative biopsy and positive biopsy from negative biopsy, respectively. We conclude that MD-miniRNA can be used as a novel plasma-based biomarker for PCa detection and can improve diagnostic accuracy by predicting prostate biopsy outcomes. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm our findings. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2011

              Purpose This study aimed to report nationwide cancer statistics in Korea, including incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence, and their trends. Materials and Methods Incidence data from 1993 to 2011 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database, and vital status was followed through December 31, 2012. Mortality data from 1983 to 2011 were obtained from Statistics Korea. Crude and age-standardized rates for incidence, mortality, and prevalence, and relative survival were calculated. Results A total of 218,017 cancer cases and 71,579 cancer deaths were reported to have occurred in 2011, and there were 1,097,253 prevalent cases identified in Korea as of January 1, 2012. Over the past 13 years (1999-2011), overall incidence rates have increased by 3.4% per year. The incidence rates of liver and cervical cancers have decreased, while those of thyroid, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers have increased. Notably, thyroid cancer increased by 23.3% per year in both sexes, and became the most common cancer since 2009. The mortality for all cancers combined decreased by 2.7% per year from 2002 to 2011. Five-year relative survival rates of patients diagnosed in the last 5 years (2007-2011) have improved by 25.1% compared with those from 1993 to 1995. Conclusion Overall cancer mortality rates have declined since 2002 in Korea, while incidence has increased rapidly and survival has improved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Asian J Urol
                Asian J Urol
                Asian Journal of Urology
                Second Military Medical University
                2214-3882
                2214-3890
                16 April 2015
                October 2014
                16 April 2015
                : 1
                : 1
                : 15-29
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
                [b ]Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
                [c ]Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
                [d ]Urology Centre, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
                [e ]Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário (CHCSJ) Hospital, Macau, China
                [f ]Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
                [g ]Department of Urology and Andrology, Hirakata Hospital, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
                [h ]Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait
                [i ]Department of Urology, Istanbul Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
                [j ]Department of Urology, Taipei City Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
                [k ]Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
                [l ]Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
                [m ]Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
                [n ]Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
                [o ]Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
                [p ]Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
                [q ]Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
                [r ]State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
                [s ]Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
                [t ]Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
                [u ]Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
                [v ]Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
                [w ]Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai, China
                [x ]Department of Urology, 3rd Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
                [y ]Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
                [z ]The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
                [aa ]Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
                [ab ]Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
                [ac ]Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, China
                [ad ]Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                [ae ]Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing, China
                [af ]Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
                [ag ]Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
                [ah ]Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
                [ai ]Department of Urology, First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
                [aj ]Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
                [ak ]Department of Urinary Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
                [al ]Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
                [am ]The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
                [an ]Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng College, Chifeng, China
                [ao ]Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. sunyh@ 123456medmail.com.cn
                [1]

                R. Chen and S. Ren contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                S2214-3882(15)00023-5
                10.1016/j.ajur.2014.08.007
                5832886
                29511634
                4e04184f-5c5e-48dd-9106-86b9b6459b2c
                © 2014 Editorial Office of Asian Journal of Urology. Production and hosting by Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 July 2014
                : 11 August 2014
                : 18 August 2014
                Categories
                Article

                prostate cancer,asian population,epidemiology,risk factors,racial differences,surgery management

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