Mortality and health-related quality of life in prevalent dialysis patients: Comparison between 12-items and 36-items short-form health survey

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Abstract

Background

To assess health- related quality of life (HRQOL) with SF-12 and SF-36 and compare their abilities to predict mortality in chronic dialysis patients, after adjusting for traditional risk factors.

Methods

The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) with the embedded SF-12 was applied in 301 dialysis patients cross-sectionally. Physical and mental component summary (PCS-36, MCS-36, PCS-12, and MCS-12) scores were calculated. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Mortality (followed for up to 4.5 years) was analyzed with Kaplan Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards, after censoring for renal transplantation. Exclusion factors were observation time <2 months (n = 21) and missing component summary scores (n = 10 for SF-36; n = 28 for SF-12), thus 252 patient were included in the analyses.

Results

In 252 patients (60.2 ± 15.5 years, 65.9% males, dialysis vintage 9.0, IQR 5.0-23.0 months), mortality during follow-up was 33.7%.(85 deaths). Significant correlations were observed between PCS-36 and PCS-12 ( ρ = 0.93, p < 0.001) and between MCS-36 and MCS-12 ( ρ = 0.95, p < 0.001). Mortality rate was highest in patients in the lowest quartile of PCS-12 ( χ ² = 15.3, p = 0.002) and PCS-36 ( χ ² = 16.7, p = 0.001). MCS was not associated with mortality. Adjusted hazard ratios for mortality were 2.5 (95% CI 1.0-6.3, PCS-12) and 2.7 (1.1 – 6.4, PCS-36) for the lowest compared with the highest (“best perceived”) quartile of PCS.

Conclusion

Compromised HRQOL is an independent predictor of poor outcome in dialysis patients. The SF-12 provided similar predictions of mortality as SF-36, and may serve as an applicable clinical tool because it requires less time to complete.

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Most cited references 19

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The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

W Owen, N L Lew, Y. Liu … (1993)

Among patients with end-stage renal disease who are treated with hemodialysis, solute clearance during dialysis and nutritional adequacy are determinants of mortality. We determined the effects of reductions in blood urea nitrogen concentrations during dialysis and changes in serum albumin concentrations, as an indicator of nutritional status, on mortality in a large group of patients treated with hemodialysis. We analyzed retrospectively the demographic characteristics, mortality rate, duration of hemodialysis, serum albumin concentration, and urea reduction ratio (defined as the percent reduction in blood urea nitrogen concentration during a single dialysis treatment) in 13,473 patients treated from October 1, 1990, through March 31, 1991. The risk of death was determined as a function of the urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration. As compared with patients with urea reduction ratios of 65 to 69 percent, patients with values below 60 percent had a higher risk of death during follow-up (odds ratio, 1.28 for urea reduction ratios of 55 to 59 percent and 1.39 for ratios below 55 percent). Fifty-five percent of the patients had urea reduction ratios below 60 percent. The duration of dialysis was not predictive of mortality. The serum albumin concentration was a more powerful (21 times greater) predictor of death than the urea reduction ratio, and 60 percent of the patients had serum albumin concentrations predictive of an increased risk of death (values below 4.0 g per deciliter). The odds ratio for death was 1.48 for serum albumin concentrations of 3.5 to 3.9 g per deciliter and 3.13 for concentrations of 3.0 to 3.4 g per deciliter. Diabetic patients had lower serum albumin concentrations and urea reduction ratios than nondiabetic patients. Low urea reduction ratios during dialysis are associated with increased odds ratios for death. These risks are worsened by inadequate nutrition.

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Association among SF36 quality of life measures and nutrition, hospitalization, and mortality in hemodialysis.

H Humphreys, G Block, K. Kalantar-Zadeh … (2001)

Patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) often show substantial reductions in quality of life (QoL). The SF36 (Short Form with 36 questions), a well-documented, self-administered QoL scoring system that includes eight independent scales and two main dimensions, has been widely used and validated. In 65 adult outpatients on MHD, the SF36 and its scales and dimensions, scored as a number between 0 and 100, and the nutritional and inflammatory state measured by subjective global assessment, near-infrared (NIR) body fat, body mass index (BMI), and pertinent laboratory values, including hemoglobin, albumin, and C-reactive protein were assessed. Twelve-month prospective hospitalization rates and mortality were used as the clinical outcomes. Multivariate (case-mix) adjusted correlation coefficients were statistically significant between SF36 scores and serum albumin and hemoglobin concentrations. There were significant inverse correlations between SF36 scores and the BMI and NIR body fat percentage. Hypoalbuminemic, anemic, and obese patients on MHD had a worse QoL. Prospective hospitalizations correlated significantly with the SF36 total score and its two main dimensions (r between -0.28 and -0.40). The Cox proportional regression relative risk of death for each 10 unit decrease in SF36 was 2.07 (95% CI, 1.08 to 3.98; P = 0.02). Of the eight components and two dimensions of the SF36, the Mental Health dimension and the SF36 total score had the strongest predictive value for mortality. Thus, in patients on MHD the SF36 appears to have significant associations with measures of nutritional status, anemia, and clinical outcomes, including prospective hospitalization and mortality. Even though obesity, unlike undernutrition, is not generally an indicator of poor outcome in MHD, the SF36 may detect obese patients on MHD at higher risk for morbidity and mortality.

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Hemodialysis patient-assessed functional health status predicts continued survival, hospitalization, and dialysis-attendance compliance.

P B DeOreo (1997)

We asked patients to assess their functional health status by completing the SF-36. Over 2 years, we studied 1,000 patients (average age, 58 years; 50% male; 25% white; 36% diabetic) in three outpatient, staff-assisted hemodialysis units. We used both the eight-scale scores and two-component summary scores to study the relationship between baseline functional health status and clinical outcomes. The physical component summary (PCS) score was as significant a predictor of mortality as was the normalized protein catabolic rate or the delivered Kt/V. Patients with a PCS score below the median for our patients (< 34) were twice as likely to die and 1.5 times more likely to be hospitalized as patients with PCS scores at or above the median score. Either a low PCS score or a low mental component summary (MCS) score correlated with the number of days of hospitalization. While the average dialysis patient has a relatively normal (47 v 50) MCS score and a low (37 v 50) PCS score compared with the normal population, patients who skipped more than two treatments per month tended to have a relatively higher PCS score (judged themselves physically healthier) and a relatively lower MCS score (judged themselves less mentally healthy) than patients who did not skip two or more treatments per month. The prevalence of depression as defined by an MCS score of < or = 42 was approximately 25%. The SF-36 provided a good screening tool for patients at high risk for death, hospitalization, poor attendance, and depression.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Health Qual Life Outcomes

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Health Qual Life Outcomes

Title: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Publisher: BioMed Central

ISSN (Electronic): 1477-7525

Publication date Collection: 2012

Publication date (Electronic): 6 May 2012

Volume: 10

Page: 46

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway

[2 ]Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

[3 ]Department of Psychiatry, Oslo, Norway

[4 ]Section of Epidemiology and Statistics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway

[5 ]Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway

[6 ]Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

[7 ]Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Article

Publisher ID: 1477-7525-10-46

DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-46

PMC ID: 3464967

PubMed ID: 22559816

SO-VID: 4e0da7f0-0ee2-41d8-9de1-ae2a1406570b

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Mortality and health-related quality of life in prevalent dialysis patients: Comparison between 12-items and 36-items short-form health survey

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SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being

Most cited references 19

The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Association among SF36 quality of life measures and nutrition, hospitalization, and mortality in hemodialysis.

Hemodialysis patient-assessed functional health status predicts continued survival, hospitalization, and dialysis-attendance compliance.

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