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      A new species of Phosocephala Townsend, 1908 (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica

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          Abstract

          Abstract
          Background

          We describe a new species of Phosocephala Townsend, and provide a new collection record, and description of the previously unknown male, of Phosocephala metallica Townsend, from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. All ACG specimens were reared from wild-caught Lepidoptera larvae ( Lepidoptera : Erebidae , Nolidae ). We provide a concise description of both species using morphology, life history, molecular data, and photographic documentation. The new species is authored and described by Fleming and Wood.

          New information

          Phosocephala alexanderi sp. n.

          Related collections

          Most cited references21

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          An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA

          Natalia V. Ivanova, Jeremy deWaard, Paul Hebert (2006)
          Article 0 comments Cited 428 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections.

            M. Alex Smith, Josephine J. Rodriguez, James B. Whitfield … (2008)
            We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgastrine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 provisional species, but barcoding exposed an additional 142 provisional species; 95% of the total is likely to be undescribed. These 313 provisional species are extraordinarily host specific; more than 90% attack only 1 or 2 species of caterpillars out of more than 3,500 species sampled. The most extreme case of overlooked diversity is the morphospecies Apanteles leucostigmus. This minute black wasp with a distinctive white wing stigma was thought to parasitize 32 species of ACG hesperiid caterpillars, but barcoding revealed 36 provisional species, each attacking one or a very few closely related species of caterpillars. When host records and/or within-ACG distributions suggested that DNA barcoding had missed a species-pair, or when provisional species were separated only by slight differences in their barcodes, we examined nuclear sequences to test hypotheses of presumptive species boundaries and to further probe host specificity. Our iterative process of combining morphological analysis, ecology, and DNA barcoding and reiteratively using specimens maintained in permanent collections has resulted in a much more fine-scaled understanding of parasitoid diversity and host specificity than any one of these elements could have produced on its own.
            Article 0 comments Cited 235 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae).

              M A Smith, N. Woodley, D. Janzen … (2006)
              Insect parasitoids are a major component of global biodiversity and affect the population dynamics of their hosts. However, identification of insect parasitoids is often difficult, and they are suspected to contain many cryptic species. Here, we ask whether the cytochrome c oxidase I DNA barcode could function as a tool for species identification and discovery for the 20 morphospecies of Belvosia parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) that have been reared from caterpillars (Lepidoptera) in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Barcoding not only discriminates among all 17 highly host-specific morphospecies of ACG Belvosia, but it also raises the species count to 32 by revealing that each of the three generalist species are actually arrays of highly host-specific cryptic species. We also identified likely hybridization among Belvosia by using a variable internal transcribed spacer region 1 nuclear rDNA sequence as a genetic covariate in addition to the strategy of overlaying barcode clusters with ecological information. If general, these results will increase estimates of global species richness and imply that tropical conservation and host-parasite interactions may be more complex than expected.
              Article 0 comments Cited 191 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                AJ Fleming
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biodivers Data J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biodivers Data J
                Journal ID (pmc): Biodiversity Data Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Biodiversity Data Journal
                Title: Biodiversity Data Journal
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Electronic): 1314-2828
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 April 2016
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e7863
                Affiliations
                [‡ ]Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
                [§ ]Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
                [| ]Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: AJ Fleming ( ajfleming604@ 123456gmail.com ).

                Academic editor: Daniel Whitmore

                Article
                Publisher ID: Biodiversity Data Journal Other ID: 5143
                DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e7863
                PMC ID: 4867709
                PubMed ID: 27226748
                SO-VID: 4e122f4e-7d66-4e68-8d6a-66a759c87673
                Copyright © AJ Fleming, D. Monty Wood, M. Alex Smith, Daniel H Janzen, Winnie Hallwachs, Tanya Dapkey
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 21 January 2016
                Date accepted : 21 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, References: 23
                Categories
                Subject: Taxonomic Paper
                Subject: Animalia
                Subject: Hexapoda
                Subject: Diptera
                Subject: Insecta
                Subject: Tachinidae
                Subject: Arthropoda
                Subject: Invertebrata
                Subject: Biodiversity & Conservation
                Subject: Ecology & Environmental sciences
                Subject: Systematics
                Subject: Costa Rica
                Subject: Central America and the Caribbean
                Subject: Central America
                Subject: Americas

                Keywords: tachininae , tachinini ,tropical rain forest,tropical dry forest,parasitoid flies,host specificity, erebidae , nolidae
                Data availability:
                Keywords: tachininae , tachinini , tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, parasitoid flies, host specificity, erebidae , nolidae

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