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      Dengue, geoprocessamento e indicadores socioeconômicos e ambientais: um estudo de revisão Translated title: Dengue, geoprocessing, and socioeconomic and environmental indicators: a review

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Analisar os estudos que abordaram o tema dengue e geoprocessamento juntamente com indicadores socioeconômicos e ambientais na busca de uma melhor compreensão do comportamento da doença. MÉTODO: Conduziu-se uma busca nas bases MEDLINE, SciELO, Lilacs e banco de teses CAPES com os termos "dengue, sistema de informação geográfica, análise espacial, geoprocessamento, sensoriamento remotoe indicadores socioeconômicos e ambientais". Também foi conduzida uma busca manual de artigos selecionados das listas de referências. Foram incluídos todos os trabalhos publicados nos idiomas inglês, português ou espanhol até dezembro de 2007 que abordaram o tema dengue e geoprocessamento e indicadores socioeconômicos e ambientais. Os estudos foram agrupados conforme tipo (inquérito sorológico ou estudo com dados secundários) e unidade espacial de análise (município, distritos sanitários, bairros, regiões administrativas, setores censitários e quarteirões). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 22 estudos, todos da América Latina (19 do Brasil). Seis eram inquéritos sorológicos e 16 utilizaram dados secundários. Sistemas de informação geográfica foram utilizados em um inquérito e em 11 estudos da outra categoria. A agregação espacial utilizada foi semelhante em ambos os tipos. A pobreza não foi fator preponderante para o risco da doença. A heterogeneidade espacial de condições de vida e incidência esteve presente em 15 dos 16 trabalhos com dados secundários. CONCLUSÕES: Como a complexidade da dengue está intimamente relacionada com as características ecológicas do ambiente, os estudos que utilizam agregados de unidades espaciais aliados à análise das características ambientais locais fornecem uma visão mais completa da doença e permitem a identificação de heterogeneidade espacial, que mostrou ser um aspecto importante para o entendimento do desenrolar da epidemia de dengue.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To further understand the disease behavior of dengue by analyzing studies on dengue and geoprocessing, as well as socioeconomic and environmental indicators. METHOD: MEDLINE, SciELO, and Lilacs databases, as well as the CAPES dissertation databank, were searched using the following key words: dengue, geographic information system, spatial analysis, geoprocessing, remote sensing, and socioenvironmental indicators. A manual search of the bibliographies of select articles was also performed. All studies published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, through December 2007, that focused on dengue, geoprocessing, and socioeconomic and environmental indicators were included. The relevant articles were grouped according to type (serologic surveys or secondary data analyses) and spatial analysis unit (municipality, health district, neighborhood, administrative region, census tracts, and city blocks). RESULTS: Twenty-two studies from Latin America (19 from Brazil) were evaluated. Six were serologic surveys and 16 employed secondary data. Geographic information systems were employed in one survey, and 11 used secondary data analyses. Spatial clustering was similar in both types of studies. Poverty was not a major risk factor for the disease. Spatial heterogeneity of living conditions and incidence was reported by 15 of 16 studies with secondary data. CONCLUSIONS: Since the complexity of dengue is closely tied to the ecological characteristics of the environment, studies based on spatial clusters plus local environmental determinants provide a more comprehensive view of the disease. These studies also allow for the identification of spatial heterogeneity, shown to be a key to understanding how dengue epidemics develop.

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          Most cited references58

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          Health inequalities and place: a theoretical conception of neighbourhood.

          In the past 10 years, interest in studying the relationship between area of residence and health has grown. During this period empirical relations between place and health have been observed at a variety of spatial scales, from census tracts to administrative units in metropolitan areas to whole regions, and for a variety of health outcomes. Despite the richness of the data, there are relatively few publications offering theoretical explanations for these observations, and a sound conception of place itself is still lacking. Using place as a relational space linked to where people live, work and play, this paper conceptualises the nature of neighbourhoods as they contribute to the local production of health inequalities in everyday life. In reference to Giddens' structuration theory, we propose that neighbourhoods essentially involve the availability of, and access to, health-relevant resources in a geographically defined area. Taking inspiration from the work of Godbout on informal reciprocity, we further propose that such availability and access are regulated according to four different sets of rules: proximity, prices, rights, and informal reciprocity. Our theoretical framework suggests that these rules give rise to five domains, the physical, economic, institutional, local sociability, and community organisation domains which cut across neighbourhood environments through which residents may acquire resources that shape their lifecourse trajectory in health and social functioning.
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            Aspectos críticos do controle do dengue no Brasil

            O dengue é hoje a principal doença re-emergente no mundo. Na ausência de uma vacina preventiva eficaz, de tratamento etiológico e quimioprofilaxia efetivos, o único elo vulnerável para reduzir a sua transmissão é o mosquito Aedes aegypti, seu principal vetor. As dificuldades de combater este mosquito, em grandes e médias cidades, são muitas. Há facilidades para sua proliferação e limitações para reduzir seus índices de infestação, geradas pela complexidade da vida urbana atual. Os objetivos do controle do dengue devem ser estabelecidos com base nos conhecimentos científicos e técnicos disponíveis. Assim, não sendo possível evitar casos de dengue em áreas infestadas pelo A. aegypti, é possível prevenir epidemias de grandes dimensões por meio do aprimoramento da vigilância epidemiológica, e é possível e factível reduzir a letalidade da doença, dos níveis atuais de 5 a 6% para cerca de 1% das formas graves. A elaboração e execução de planos estratégicos de organização da assistência aos casos suspeitos de dengue têm mostrado, tanto em outros países, como em algumas cidades brasileiras, ser um instrumento muito útil na redução da letalidade.
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              Spatial vulnerability to dengue in a Brazilian urban area during a 7-year surveillance.

              This study considers the vulnerability of the urban area of the City of Belo Horizonte to dengue. A total number of 89,607 cases registered in the surveillance system from 1996 to 2002 were analyzed. Seven epidemic waves were identified during this period. Cases were grouped into 2,563 census areas, and three risk categories were proposed based on how many times each area reached a threshold established for each epidemic wave. The association between the risk categories and the socioeconomic, demographic and urban-infrastructure characteristics was evaluated. Analysis included Kruskal-Wallis test variance comparisons and multivariate regression using multinomial models. Incidence rates differed significantly among the three risk categories in most of the epidemic waves. The factors that best characterized the areas were low educational level (< or =4 years of schooling), low income of the head of the family (< or =2 minimum wages per household), household density, and proportion of children and elderly women. Information related to basic sanitation was not enough to discriminate levels of susceptibility to dengue, and study of population density and concentration of establishments considered vulnerable to vector infestation yielded questionable results. It is important to consider different levels of exposure of the population to explain the heterogeneous pattern of distribution of dengue cases in an urban setting. Understanding the dynamics of dengue fever is essential for surveillance purposes, to improve control measures and to avoid epidemics of this disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, Washington, United States )
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                May 2009
                : 25
                : 5
                : 456-461
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidade Federal Fluminense orgdiv1Departamento de Epidemiologia
                [02] orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública orgdiv2Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa rssantos@ 123456ensp.fiocruz.br
                [03] orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública orgdiv2Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa rosely@ 123456ensp.fiocruz.br
                Article
                S1020-49892009000500012 S1020-4989(09)02500512
                10.1590/s1020-49892009000500012
                4e21f0c7-3cc7-4b1e-830b-9caa72264625

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 November 2008
                : 16 July 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)

                geographic information system,indicadores ambientais,Dengue,epidemiologic surveillance,indicadores sociais,social indicators,vigilância epidemiológica,environmental indicators,sistema de informação geográfica

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