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      Produção de pneumotórax em cães e manejo por toracoscopia paraxifóide transdiafragmática Translated title: Production of pneumothorax in dogs and treatment by transdiaphragmatic paraxiphoid thoracoscopy

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          Abstract

          O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a técnica de toracoscopia paraxifóide transdiafragmática no diagnóstico e no tratamento do pneumotórax produzido experimentalmente em cães. Para tanto, foram utilizados 11 cães que foram submetidos à produção de pneumotórax grave a partir da aplicação de 10mLkg-1 de ar em cada hemitórax até apresentarem descompensação hemodinâmica. Concomitantemente, foram aferidas a correlação entre a pressão venosa central (PVC) e o volume de ar introduzido (mL kg-1), bem como FC, FR, TPC, SpO2 e coloração das mucosas. O pneumotórax foi tratado pela aplicação de dreno torácico por meio de um trocarte inserido no lado direito (seis animais) ou esquerdo (cinco animais) do apêndice xifóide por meio do diafragma. A introdução em volume igual ou superior a 50ml kg-1hemitórax-1 de ar causou descompensação cardiorrespiratória e elevação da PVC acima de 10cm H2O em todos os pacientes. A técnica proposta permitiu apropriado exame da cavidade torácica e aplicação do dreno com efetiva drenagem, sem a ocorrência de complicações trans e pós-operatórias, condição confirmada pela toracoscopia intercostal aos 15 dias de pós-operatório. Conclui-se que o modelo de produção do pneumotórax e a técnica de colocação de dreno proposta para o manejo dessa doença são adequados para cães.

          Translated abstract

          The aim of the present study was to assess the use of transdiaphragmatic paraxiphoid thoracoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of experimentally induced pneumothorax in dogs. Severe pneumothorax was induced in 11 dogs by the insufflation of 10mL kg-1of air into each hemithorax until they became hemodynamically unstable. The correlation between central venous pressure (CVP) and the volume of injected air (mL kg-1) was determined, and was considered too heart rate, respiratory frequency, capillary refill time, oxygen saturation and the color of mucous membranes. Pneumothorax was treated with chest tube drainage with the placement of a trocar into the right side (six dogs) or into the left side (five dogs) of the xiphoid appendix through the diaphragm. The introduction of air volume equal to or greater than 50ml kg-1hemitórax-1 caused cardiorespiratory decompensation and increased the CVP to levels higher than 10cmH2O in all patients. Transdiaphragmatic paraxiphoid thoracoscopy allowed for adequate examination of the chest cavity and for effective drainage without any intraoperative and postoperative complications, as confirmed by intercostal thoracoscopy 15 days after surgery. The method for induction of pneumothorax and the chest tube placement technique proposed for its management are appropriate to be used in dogs.

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          Most cited references19

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          Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi consensus statement.

          Provide explicit expert-based consensus recommendations for the management of adults with primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces in an emergency department and inpatient hospital setting. The use of opinion was made explicit by employing a structured questionnaire, appropriateness scores, and consensus scores with a Delphi technique. The guideline was designed to be relevant to physicians who make management decisions for the care of patients with pneumothorax. Decisions for observation, chest tube placement, surgical interventions, and radiographic imaging. Effectiveness of pneumothorax resolution, duration of and patient tolerance of care, and pneumothorax recurrence. Literature review from 1967 to January 1999 and Delphi questionnaire submitted in three iterations to a multidisciplinary physician panel. The guideline development group determined by consensus the relevant outcomes to be considered in developing the Delphi questionnaire. The type and magnitude of benefits, harms, and costs expected for patients from guideline implementation. Management decisions vary between patients with primary or secondary pneumothoraces, with observation of small pneumothoraces being appropriate only for primary pneumothoraces. The level of consensus varies regarding the specific interventions indicated, but agreement exists for the general principles of care. Recommendations were peer reviewed by physician experts and were reviewed by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) Health and Science Policy Committee. The guideline recommendations will be published in printed and electronic form with distribution of synopses for patients and health care providers. Contents of the guideline will be incorporated into continuing medical education programs. The ACCP.
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            Thoracoscopy in the horse: diagnostic and therapeutic indications in 28 cases.

            Thirty-two thoracoscopies were performed in 28 horses. Sixteen horses were affected with pleuropneumonia whereas 12 were affected with various other thoracic conditions. The indications for thoracoscopy was diagnostic in 19 cases, therapeutic in 11 cases and both diagnostic and therapeutic in 2 cases. Twenty-six thoracoscopies were done standing whereas 6 were performed under general anaesthesia. The specific procedures performed during thoracoscopy were exploratory only (7), biopsy of the lung and lymph nodes (10), drain placement into pleural effusions (2) and abscesses (5), exploration prior to thoracotomy (2), transection of pleural adhesions and decortication (1) and window pericardectomy (2). Diaphragmatic hernia repair (2) and partial pneumonectomy (1) were initiated thoracoscopically but conversion to thoracotomy was necessary for completion. Standing thoracoscopy was well tolerated in most horses. Transient exacerbation of pulmonary compromise evidenced by tachypnoea was readily alleviated by reinflation of the lung. Standing thoracoscopy provided good visualisation of the dorsal and lateral structures of the thorax. The ventral thoracic structures and the cranial ventral diaphragmatic surfaces of the lungs were best visualised in dorsal or lateral recumbency under general anaesthesia. Thoracoscopy is a safe and useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in horses with thoracic diseases.
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              Pneumotórax

              O pneumotórax, ou a presença de ar livre na cavidade pleural, é uma condição freqüente na prática clínica. As normas de conduta para a abordagem do pneumotórax dependem das condições clinicas do paciente, da magnitude do pneumotórax e da presença ou ausência de doença pulmonar concomitante. Neste capítulo, apresentamos as diretrizes diagnósticas e de conduta para uma abordagem mais racional do pneumotórax.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria )
                1678-4596
                November 2008
                : 38
                : 8
                : 2210-2217
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de Passo Fundo Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                Article
                S0103-84782008000800019
                10.1590/S0103-84782008000800019
                4e39c6a8-6213-4211-aaa9-0fd99617be52

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-8478&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRONOMY

                Horticulture
                thoracoscopic,drain,torax,canine,toracoscopia,dreno,tórax,canino
                Horticulture
                thoracoscopic, drain, torax, canine, toracoscopia, dreno, tórax, canino

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