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      Endocarditis infecciosa en Argentina: ¿qué aprendimos en los últimos 25 años?

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          Abstract

          La epidemiología de la endocarditis infecciosa (EI) ha sufrido cambios debido a una serie de factores como el envejecimiento, las comorbilidades y los procedimientos médicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las principales modificaciones clínicas, epidemiológicas y etiológicas de la EI en los últimos 25 años en Argentina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de tres registros prospectivos observacionales en los que se incluyeron de forma consecutiva casos de EI definidas y posibles según los criterios de Duke: dos estudios multicéntricos (EIRA-1 [1992-1994] y EIRA-2 [2001-2002]) y un estudio en un centro de referencia de cardiología de tercer nivel (CRC [2007-2017]). En los 1065 episodios de EI evaluados, no existieron diferencias respecto al sexo, y los pacientes fueron más añosos en cada periodo (p < 0.001). La EI asociada a dispositivos intracardiacos fue más frecuente en la última década: infección asociada a marcapasos (5.4 vs. 23% p < 0.0001) y EI de prótesis valvulares (8.5% vs. 19.2% vs. 47.5% p < 0.0001). Por otra parte, la EI asociada a drogas endovenosas (p < 0.0001) y cardiopatías congénitas (p = 0.001) fue significativamente menos frecuente. La etiología cambió sustancialmente: Streptococcus del grupo viridans disminuyó (30.8% vs. 26.8% vs. 15.9%; p < 0.001) y la EI por Staphylococcus spp. predominó por sobre otros microorganismos, con un aumento estadísticamente significativo del Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa (SCN). El tratamiento quirúrgico fue implementado con más frecuencia en la última década y estuvo acompañado de una tendencia a menor mortalidad en el CRC (23.5%, 24.3% vs. 17.2% p = 0.058).

          Translated abstract

          The epidemiology of infectious endocarditis (IE) has undergone changes due to a series of factors such as aging, comorbidities and medical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main clinical, epidemiological and etiological changes of the IE in the last 25 years in Argentina. A comparative analysis of three observational prospective registries was performed in which cases of definite and possible IE were consecutively included according to the Duke criteria: two multicentre studies (EIRA-1 [1992-1994] and EIRA-2 [2001-2002]) and one study in a reference cardiology center (CRC [2007-2017]). In the 1065 episodes of EI evaluated, there were no differences regarding sex, and the patients were older in each period (p < 0.001). Intracardiac device-associated IE was more frequent in the last decade: pacemaker (5.4 vs. 23% p < 0.0001) and prosthetic valve IE (8.5% vs. 19.2% vs. 47.5% p < 0.0001). On the other hand, IE associated with intravenous drugs (P < 0.0001) and congenital heart diseases (p = 0.001) was significantly less frequent. The etiology changed substantially: Streptococcus viridans group decreased (30.8% vs. 26.8% vs. 15.9%, p < 0.001) and IE by Staphylococcus spp. predominated over other microorganisms, with a statistically significant increase in IE due to coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Surgical treatment was more frequently implemented in the last decade and was accompanied by a trend towards lower mortality in the CRC (23.5%, 24.3% vs. 17.2% p = 0.058).

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          Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

          Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry accurately identifies both selected bacteria and bacteria in select clinical situations. It has not been evaluated for routine use in the clinic. We prospectively analyzed routine MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification in parallel with conventional phenotypic identification of bacteria regardless of phylum or source of isolation. Discrepancies were resolved by 16S ribosomal RNA and rpoB gene sequence-based molecular identification. Colonies (4 spots per isolate directly deposited on the MALDI-TOF plate) were analyzed using an Autoflex II Bruker Daltonik mass spectrometer. Peptidic spectra were compared with the Bruker BioTyper database, version 2.0, and the identification score was noted. Delays and costs of identification were measured. Of 1660 bacterial isolates analyzed, 95.4% were correctly identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry; 84.1% were identified at the species level, and 11.3% were identified at the genus level. In most cases, absence of identification (2.8% of isolates) and erroneous identification (1.7% of isolates) were due to improper database entries. Accurate MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification was significantly correlated with having 10 reference spectra in the database (P=.01). The mean time required for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification of 1 isolate was 6 minutes for an estimated 22%-32% cost of current methods of identification. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is a cost-effective, accurate method for routine identification of bacterial isolates in or =10 reference spectra per bacterial species and a 1.9 identification score (Brucker system). It may replace Gram staining and biochemical identification in the near future.
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            Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress.

            The global significance of infective endocarditis (IE) caused by Staphylococcus aureus is unknown. To document the international emergence of health care-associated S aureus IE and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) IE and to evaluate regional variation in patients with S aureus IE. Prospective observational cohort study set in 39 medical centers in 16 countries. Participants were a population of 1779 patients with definite IE as defined by Duke criteria who were enrolled in the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study from June 2000 to December 2003. In-hospital mortality. S aureus was the most common pathogen among the 1779 cases of definite IE in the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective-Cohort Study (558 patients, 31.4%). Health care-associated infection was the most common form of S aureus IE (218 patients, 39.1%), accounting for 25.9% (Australia/New Zealand) to 54.2% (Brazil) of cases. Most patients with health care-associated S aureus IE (131 patients, 60.1%) acquired the infection outside of the hospital. MRSA IE was more common in the United States (37.2%) and Brazil (37.5%) than in Europe/Middle East (23.7%) and Australia/New Zealand (15.5%, P<.001). Persistent bacteremia was independently associated with MRSA IE (odds ratio, 6.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-13.2). Patients in the United States were most likely to be hemodialysis dependent, to have diabetes, to have a presumed intravascular device source, to receive vancomycin, to be infected with MRSA, and to have persistent bacteremia (P<.001 for all comparisons). S aureus is the leading cause of IE in many regions of the world. Characteristics of patients with S aureus IE vary significantly by region. Further studies are required to determine the causes of regional variation.
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              Infective endocarditis in adults.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                medba
                Medicina (Buenos Aires)
                Medicina (B. Aires)
                Fundación Revista Medicina (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                0025-7680
                1669-9106
                August 2019
                : 79
                : 4
                : 257-264
                Affiliations
                [01] Buenos Aires orgnameInstituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA) Argentina
                Article
                S0025-76802019000600003 S0025-7680(19)07900400003
                4e3d903f-5f67-4d8d-a859-ccb80b44960c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 January 2019
                : 10 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Artículos originales

                Thoracic surgery,Hospital mortality,Diseases of the cardiac valves,Infective endocarditis,Endocarditis,Mortalidad hospitalaria,Cirugía torácica,Enfermedades de las válvulas cardíacas,Endocarditis infecciosa

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