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      Utilidad de los puntajes clínicos para mejorar la predicción de enfermedad coronaria significativa después de una prueba de esfuerzo convencional Translated title: Usefulness of clinical scores to improve prediction of significant coronary heart disease after conventional treadmill exercise testing

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          Abstract

          Antecedentes: en el último consenso de la AHA/ACC se recomiendan puntajes clínicos para mejorar la sensibilidad (68%) y la especificidad (77%) de la prueba de esfuerzo, método diagnóstico de primera línea en el tratamiento de la enfermedad coronaria (una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en Colombia y el mundo). Sin embargo, son pocas las instituciones del país que los utilizan y son difíciles de aplicar en poblaciones diferentes a aquellas para las cuales fueron desarrollados, haciéndose necesario realizar un estudio que valore su desempeño en nuestro medio. Materiales y métodos: se escogieron las escalas de Morise y Duke para evaluar por qué han sido validadas en varias poblaciones y fueron citadas en el consenso de la AHA/ACC. Los puntajes de Morise y Duke clasificaron a los pacientes en probabilidad baja, intermedia o alta para enfermedad coronaria. Objetivos primarios: validar las escalas de predicción para enfermedad coronaria y determinar el mejor punto de corte para cada escala en un tiempo de seguimiento de un año. Objetivos secundarios: determinar un desenlace compuesto por infarto agudo del miocardio, muerte cardiaca, angina que requiere hospitalización, obstrucción coronaria mayor a 50% y/o angioplastia e implante de stent. Determinar el mejor punto de corte mediante curvas de ROC. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad, con sospecha de enfermedad coronaria. Criterios de exclusión: pacientes embarazadas, con enfermedad coronaria documentada, electrocardiograma no interpretable, incapacidad o contraindicación para realizar prueba de esfuerzo por cualquier motivo, depresión del segmento ST menor a 1 mm en el electrocardiograma de base, imposibilidad de realizar seguimiento, y datos incompletos que impidieran el cálculo de las escalas. Análisis estadístico: la muestra se calculó utilizando error alfa menor de 0,05, error beta menor de 0,20 (poder de 80%), probabilidad de clasificación correcta 0,4, nivel de kappa para la hipótesis nula 0,85 y nivel de kappa para la hipótesis alterna 0,7. Se utilizó el programa Tamaño de la Muestra (TaMaMu), versión 1,0, se requirieron 101 pacientes. Resultados: se reclutaron 127 pacientes y se excluyeron 9; 2 por pruebas de esfuerzo submáximas y 7 por no ser posible el seguimiento, y se analizaron 118. El seguimiento promedio fue de 343 días (1-564. Edad media: 59 años (29-83). Mujeres: 53% (63) y hombres: 47% (55). Edad media de 59 y de 57 años, respectivamente. Otras características: tabaquismo: 47% (55), dislipidemia: 68% (80), índice de masa corporal mayor a 27,5: 18% (45) y diabetes mellitus: 16% (19). La escala de Morise clasificó 36% (43) en bajo riesgo, 52% (61) en riesgo intermedio y 12% (14) en riesgo alto. Según Duke los resultados fueron 53% (63), 41% (48) y 6% (7) respectivamente. Al interpretar la prueba de esfuerzo aislada, los cardiólogos clasificaron a los pacientes así: 81% (95) negativas, 8% (10) sugestivas y 11% (14) positivas. El punto o desenlace final compuesto se presentó en 11% (14 pacientes). Al comparar a los pacientes con desenlace y sin éste, los primeros se clasificaban con más frecuencia como de alta probabilidad que aquellos que no, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (Morise: p=0,0002 y Duke: 0,0005). En la escala de Morise con punto de corte de 48, se logró sensibilidad de 92% y especificidad de 68%. En Duke, con punto de corte de 38, fue de 100% y 31%. Discusión: la concordancia para Morise es mejor que para los demás métodos evaluados. Adicionar los puntajes clínicos a la interpretación de la prueba de esfuerzo mejora las características operativas de la misma sin aumentar los costos, y se logra un ahorro de 10% a 18%. Conclusiones: los puntajes clínicos aumentan la sensibilidad y la especificidad, por lo cual se deberían utilizar de manera rutinaria para el informe de una prueba de esfuerzo convencional. Sin embargo, se hace necesario buscar soluciones que mejoren aún más dicho desempeño.

          Translated abstract

          Background: in the last AHA/ACC expert consensus document, clinical scores to improve sensitivity (68%) and specificity (77% of the exercise testing, diagnostic method considered a first line diagnostic method for coronary heart disease treatment (one of the main causes of mortality in Colombia and worldwide), are recommended. Nevertheless, few institutions in our country use them and they are difficult to apply in populations different to the ones for which they were developed. For this reason, a study to assess its performance in our environment, is needed. Materials and Methods: Morise and Duke treadmill scores were chosen to assess the reason for its validation in several populations, and were mentioned in the AHA/ACC consensus. The Morise and Duke scores classified patients in at low, middle and high risk for coronary heart disease. Primary objectives: validate the prediction scales for coronary heart disease and determine the best cutoff value for each score in a one year follow-up. Secondary objectives: determine the composite endpoint for acute myocardial infarction, cardiac death, angina requiring hospitalization, coronary obstruction >50% and/or angioplasty and stent implantation. Determine the best cutoff point through the ROC curves. Inclusion Criteria: patients >18 years old with suspected coronary heart disease. Exclusion Criteria: pregnant women with documented coronary heart disease, uninterpretable EKG, incapacity or contraindication for performing exercise stress test for any reason, ST depression < 1 mm in basal EKG, follow-up impossibility and incomplete data that might hinder the score calculation. Statistical analysis: the sample was calculated using alpha error < 0.05, beta error < 0.20 (power 80%), correct classification probability 0.4, kappa level for null hypothesis 0.85 and kappa level for alternate hypothesis 0,7. The Sample Size Program version 1.0 was used. 101 patients were required. Results: 127 patients were enrolled and 9 were excluded: 2 because of submaximal exercise testings and 7 because the follow-up was impossible. 118 patients were analyzed. Mean follow-up was 343 days (1 - 564). Mean age was 59 years (29 - 83). Women: 53% (63) and men: 47% (55). Mean age 59 and 57 years respectively. Other characteristics: cigarette smoking: 47% (55), dyslipidemia: 68% (80), body mass index > 27,5: 18% (45) and diabetes mellitus: 16% (19). Morise score classified 36% (43) patients at low risk, 52% (61) at intermediate risk and 12% (14) at high risk. According to Duke the results were 53% (63), 41% (48) and 6% (7) respectively. When interpreting an isolated exercise testing, cardiologists classified patients: 81% (95) negative, 8% (10) suggestive and 11% (14) positive. The composite endpoint appeared in 11% (14 patients). When comparing patients with and without outcomes, the first ones classified more frequently as having higher probability than those that had not, with statistically significant differences (Morise: p = 0,0002 and Duke: 0,0005). In the Morise score with cutoff value 48, 92% sensitivity and 68% specificity was achieved. In Duke, with cutoff value 38, it was 100% and 31% respectively. Discussion: concordance for Morise is better than for the other evaluated methods. The addition of clinical scores to the exercise testing interpretation improves its operative characteristics without any cost increment, achieving savings of 10% to 18%. Conclusions: clinical scores increase sensitivity and specificity, and for this reason they should be used as routine in the conventional exercise testing report. Nevertheless, it is necessary to look for solutions to improve its performance even further.

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          Most cited references16

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          Development and validation of a clinical score to estimate the probability of coronary artery disease in men and women presenting with suspected coronary disease.

          Guidelines for the management of patients with suspected coronary disease have emphasized stratification into groups with low, intermediate, and high probability of significant coronary disease. Previously derived clinical prediction rules have been difficult to apply in clinical settings. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a clinical score that facilitates this stratification process. We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively acquired data from 915 patients with suspected coronary disease and normal resting electrocardiograms who presented for exercise testing at a university hospital. All patients subsequently underwent coronary angiography. Analysis included logistic regression with significant coronary disease (> or = 1 vessel with a > or = 50% lesion) presence as the dependent variable and clinical variables as independent variables. From this analysis, a coronary disease score was developed to estimate prevalence of coronary disease from clinical variables. Validation of this score was performed in a separate prospectively acquired cohort of 348 patients. For the entire validation group, the prevalence of significant coronary disease was 16% (10/63) in the low probability group, 44% (86/195) in the intermediate probability group, and 69% (62/90) in the high probability group. Both men and women were stratified equally well into the 3 probability groups. The clinical score is an easily memorized and accurate method for categorizing patients with suspected but not proven coronary disease and normal resting electrocardiograms into clinically meaningful probability groups upon which decisions concerning appropriate diagnostic test selection could potentially be based.
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            Exercise-induced ST depression in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. A meta-analysis.

            To evaluate the variability in the reported diagnostic accuracy of the exercise electrocardiogram, we applied meta-analysis to 147 consecutively published reports comparing exercise-induced ST depression with coronary angiography. These reports involved 24,074 patients who underwent both tests. Population characteristics and technical and methodologic factors, including publication year, number of electrocardiographic leads, exercise protocol, use of hyperventilation, definition of an abnormal ST response, exclusion of certain subgroups, and blinding of test interpretation were analyzed. Wide variability in sensitivity and specificity was found (mean sensitivity, 68%; range, 23-100%; SD, 16%; and mean specificity, 77%; range, 17-100%; SD, 17%). The four study characteristics found to be significantly and independently related to sensitivity were the treatment of equivocal test results, comparison with a "better" test such as thallium scintigraphy, exclusion of patients on digitalis, and publication year. The four variables found to be significantly and independently related to specificity were the treatment of upsloping ST depressions, the exclusion of subjects with prior infarction or left bundle branch block, and the use of preexercise hyperventilation. Stepwise linear regression explained less than 35% of the variance in sensitivities and specificities reported in the 147 publications. There is wide variability in the reported accuracy of the exercise electrocardiogram. This variability is not explained by information reported in the medical literature.
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              Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease.

              To determine the prognostic value of the treadmill exercise test, we evaluated 2842 consecutive patients with chest pain who had both treadmill testing cardiac catheterization. The population was randomly divided into two equal-sized groups and the Cox regression model was used in one to form a treadmill score that was then validated in the other group. The final treadmill score was calculated as follows: exercise time--(5 X ST deviation)--(4 X treadmill angina index). Using this treadmill score, 13% of the patients were found to be at high risk; 53%, at moderate risk; and 34%, at low risk. The treadmill score added independent prognostic information to that provided by clinical data, coronary anatomy, and left ventricular ejection fraction: patients with three-vessel disease with a score of -11 or less had a 5-year survival rate of 67%, and those with a score of +7 or more had a 5-year survival rate of 93%. The treadmill score was useful for stratifying prognosis in patients with suspected coronary artery disease who were referred to us for catheterization, and may provide a useful adjunct to clinical decision making in the larger population of patients being evaluated for chest pain.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcca
                Revista Colombiana de Cardiología
                Rev. Colomb. Cardiol.
                Sociedad Colombiana de Cardiologia. Oficina de Publicaciones (Bogota, Cundinamarca, Colombia )
                0120-5633
                October 2008
                : 15
                : 5
                : 207-214
                Affiliations
                [01] Bogotá orgnameHospital Universitario San Ignacio Colombia
                Article
                S0120-56332008000500002 S0120-5633(08)01500502
                4e3dc9f0-ee7c-4039-aec8-379d9dada97c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 August 2008
                : 17 July 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Trabajos libres - Cardiologia del adulto

                validation,enfermedad coronaria,prueba de esfuerzo,puntajes clínicos,validación,coronary heart disease,treadmill stress test,clinical scores

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