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      Prevalencia de la resistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a quinolonas y fármacos inyectables en Colombia, 2012-2013 Translated title: Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to quinolones and injectables in Colombia, 2012-2013

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: La tuberculosis es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. En 2014, la Organización Mundial de la Salud estimó que se habían presentado 9,6 millones de casos nuevos y 480.000 multirresistentes. La evaluación de la resistencia a fármacos inyectables y a quinolonas se introdujo hace pocos años, por lo cual no se conoce su prevalencia. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la resistencia a amicacina, kanamicina, capreomicina y ofloxacina en casos de tuberculosis resistente a isoniacida, rifampicina o a ambas, entre 2012 y 2013. Materiales y métodos: Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal con 489 aislamientos resistentes a isoniacida o rifampicina. Las pruebas de sensibilidad se hicieron con la técnica Bactec MGITTM. Para el análisis de la proporción de la resistencia, los casos se agruparon según el antecedente de tratamiento con medicamentos de segunda línea. Resultados: En los 438 casos nuevos, la resistencia global a la kanamicina fue mayor (7,1 %; IC95% 4,6-9,6); en los 51 casos previamente tratados, dicha resistencia fue de 27,5 % (IC95% 14,2-40,7). La resistencia global fue mayor en casos con antecedentes de tratamiento con quinolonas y fármacos inyectables. Se encontraron siete casos de tuberculosis extremadamente resistente. Conclusión: El estudio evidenció la presencia de resistencia a fármacos de segunda línea en personas con tuberculosis farmacorresistente sin tratamiento previo o tratadas previamente con quinolonas o fármacos inyectables, estos últimos con mayor porcentaje de resistencia. En consecuencia, es esencial practicar rutinariamente las pruebas de sensibilidad y el análisis de esta información.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Tuberculosis is a health problem worldwide. The World Health Organization estimated 9.6 million new cases and 480,000 multirresistant cases for 2014. The assessment of resistance to quinolones and injectables was implemented only a few years ago, so its prevalence is not known. Objective: To determine the prevalence of resistance to amikacin, capreomycin and ofloxacin in cases of tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and/or rifampin during 2012-2013. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 489 isolates resistant to isoniazid and/or rifampin. We used the Bactec MGITTM technique for susceptibility tests. For analyzing the rate of resistance, we grouped cases according to the history of treatment with second line drugs. Results: In the 438 new cases, the drug that showed greater overall resistance was kanamycin with 7.1 % (95% CI: 4.6 to 9.6). In 51 previously treated cases, this highest resistance was 27.5 % (95% CI: 14.2 to 40.7). The overall resistance was higher in cases with a history of treatment with quinolones and injectables. We found seven cases of extremely resistant tuberculosis. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the presence of resistance to second line drugs in people with drug-resistant tuberculosis with and without previous treatment with quinolones and/or injectables, these latter having a higher percentage of resistance. For that reason, it is essential to perform susceptibility testing and analyze this information routinely.

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          Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: epidemiology, risk factors and case finding.

          M Caminero (2010)
          Although the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) epidemic is a very recent problem, many studies have attempted to understand it. We now have good estimates of the current burden (approximately 500 000 MDR-TB cases worldwide), and following the introduction of potential MDR-TB control strategies projections of these figures are being estimated. The projected trends in tuberculosis (TB) and MDR-TB incidence vary. Risk factors for resistance can be divided into two categories: 1) those facilitating the selection of resistance in the community and 2) the specific conditions that appear to increase some patients' vulnerability to resistance. The epidemiological situation varies greatly across countries, principally due to poor treatment practices and poor implementation of control programmes in the past-and even today, to a lesser degree-and recent data have suggested that national TB programmes that use existing drugs efficiently can postpone and even reverse the MDR-TB epidemic. Other factors that have also contributed to this epidemic situation are analysed in this article. The recognition of factors leading to the epidemic in some regions and the identification of populations at risk will assist in focusing case-finding efforts. From an individual perspective, treatment failures with first-line rifampicin-containing regimens and contacts of MDR-TB cases have the highest rates of resistance. Patients previously treated for TB and the other risk factors analysed in this article should be prioritised in case finding.
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            Treatment outcomes of patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis according to drug susceptibility testing to first- and second-line drugs: an individual patient data meta-analysis.

            Individualized treatment for multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis depends upon reliable and valid drug susceptibility testing (DST) for pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and second-line tuberculosis drugs. However, the reliability of these tests is uncertain, due to unresolved methodological issues. We estimated the association of DST results for pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and second-line drugs with treatment outcomes in patients with MDR tuberculosis and XDR tuberculosis.
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              Resistance Patterns among Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients in Greater Metropolitan Mumbai: Trends over Time

              Background While the high burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) itself is a matter of great concern, the emergence and rise of advanced forms of drug-resistance such as extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) and extremely drug-resistant TB (XXDR-TB) is more troubling. The aim of this study was to investigate the trends over time of patterns of drug resistance in a sample of MDR-TB patients in greater metropolitan Mumbai, India. Methods This was a retrospective, observational study of drug susceptibility testing (DST) results among MDR-TB patients from eight health care facilities in greater Mumbai between 2005 and 2013. We classified resistance patterns into four categories: MDR-TB, pre-XDR-TB, XDR-TB and XXDR-TB. Results A total of 340 MDR-TB patients were included in the study. Pre-XDR-TB was the most common form of drug-resistant TB observed overall in this Mumbai population at 56.8% compared to 29.4% for MDR-TB. The proportion of patients with MDR-TB was 39.4% in the period 2005–2007 and 27.8% in 2011–2013, while the proportion of those with XDR-TB and XXDR-TB was changed from 6.1% and 0% respectively to 10.6% and 5.6% during the same time period. During the same periods, the proportions of patients with ofloxacin, moxifloxacin and ethionamide resistance significantly increased from 57.6% to 75.3%, from 60.0% to 69.5% and from 24.2% to 52.5% respectively (p<0.05). Discussion The observed trends in TB drug-resistance patterns in Mumbai highlight the need for individualized drug regimens, designed on the basis of DST results involving first- and second-line anti-TB drugs and treatment history of the patient. A drug-resistant TB case-finding strategy based on molecular techniques that identify only rifampicin resistance will lead to initiation of suboptimal treatment regimens for a significant number of patients, which may in turn contribute to amplification of resistance and transmission of strains with increasingly advanced resistance within the community.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bio
                Biomédica
                Biomédica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud (Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia )
                0120-4157
                January 2017
                : 37
                : 1
                : 96-103
                Affiliations
                [2] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Microbiología Colombia
                [1] Bogotá D.C orgnameInstituto Nacional de Salud orgdiv1Subdirección Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia orgdiv2Laboratorio de Micobacterias Colombia
                Article
                S0120-41572017000100096
                10.7705/biomedica.v37i2.3204
                4e61565d-269e-4b70-8151-ebc49c7923d1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 February 2016
                : 13 June 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,tuberculosis resistente a múltiples medicamentos,tuberculosis extremadamente resistente a drogas,isoniazida,rifampin,Colombia,MDR tuberculosis,extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis,isoniazid

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