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      Simulating the hallmarks of cancer.

      1 , ,
      Artificial life
      MIT Press - Journals

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          Abstract

          Cancer can be viewed as the loss of cooperative cell behaviors that normally facilitate multicellularity, including the formation of tissues and organs. Hanahan and Weinberg describe the phenotypic differences between healthy and cancerous cells in an article titled "The Hallmarks of Cancer" (Cell, 100, 57-70, 2000). Here the authors propose six phenotypic changes at the cellular level as the essential hallmarks of cancer. They investigate the dynamics and interactions of these hallmarks in a model known as CancerSim. They describe how CancerSim implements the hallmarks in an agent-based simulation which can help test the hypotheses put forth by Hanahan and Weinberg. Experiments with CancerSim are described that study the interactions of cell phenotype alterations, and in particular, the likely sequences of precancerous mutations, known as pathways. The experiments show that sequencing is an important factor in tumorigenesis, as some mutations have preconditions--they are selectively advantageous only in combination with other mutations. CancerSim enables a modeler to study the dynamics of a developing tumor and simulate how progression can be altered by tuning model parameters.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Artif Life
          Artificial life
          MIT Press - Journals
          1064-5462
          1064-5462
          2006
          : 12
          : 4
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA. rgabbot@sandia.gov
          Article
          10.1162/artl.2006.12.4.617
          16953788
          4e742010-f3d8-4006-8920-ad161604e8d7
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