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      Satureja montana L. Essential Oils: Chemical Profiles/Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial Activity and O/W NanoEmulsion Formulations

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          Abstract

          Chemical fingerprints of four different Satureja montana L. essential oils (SEOs) were assayed by an untargeted metabolomics approach based on Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with either electrospray ionization or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion sources. Analysis and relative quantification of the non-polar volatile fraction were conducted by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to MS. FT-ICR MS confirmed significant differences in the polar metabolite composition, while GC-MS analyses confirmed slight fluctuations in the relative amount of major terpenes and terpenoids, known to play a key role in antimicrobial mechanisms. Oil in eater (O/W) nanoemulsions (NEs) composed by SEOs and Tween 20 or Tween 80 were prepared and analyzed in terms of hydrodynamic diameter, ζ-potential and polydispersity index. The results confirm the formation of stable NEs homogeneous in size. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of SEOs were determined towards Gram-positive ( Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus) and Gram-negative clinical isolates ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens). Commercial SEO showed strongest antibacterial activity, while SEO 3 was found to be the most active among the lab made extractions. MIC and MBC values ranged from 0.39 to 6.25 mg·mL −1. Furthermore, a SEO structured in NEs formulation was able to preserve and improve antimicrobial activity.

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          METLIN: A Technology Platform for Identifying Knowns and Unknowns

          METLIN originated as a database to characterize known metabolites and has since expanded into a technology platform for the identification of known and unknown metabolites and other chemical entities. Through this effort it has become a comprehensive resource containing over 1 million molecules including lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, toxins, small peptides, and natural products, among other classes. METLIN's high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) database, which plays a key role in the identification process, has data generated from both reference standards and their labeled stable isotope analogues, facilitated by METLIN-guided analysis of isotope-labeled microorganisms. The MS/MS data, coupled with the fragment similarity search function, expand the tool's capabilities into the identification of unknowns. Fragment similarity search is performed independent of the precursor mass, relying solely on the fragment ions to identify similar structures within the database. Stable isotope data also facilitate characterization by coupling the similarity search output with the isotopic m/ z shifts. Examples of both are demonstrated here with the characterization of four previously unknown metabolites. METLIN also now features in silico MS/MS data, which has been made possible through the creation of algorithms trained on METLIN's MS/MS data from both standards and their isotope analogues. With these informatic and experimental data features, METLIN is being designed to address the characterization of known and unknown molecules.
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            Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils—Present Status and Future Perspectives

            Extensive documentation on the antimicrobial properties of essential oils and their constituents has been carried out by several workers. Although the mechanism of action of a few essential oil components has been elucidated in many pioneering works in the past, detailed knowledge of most of the compounds and their mechanism of action is still lacking. This knowledge is particularly important for the determination of the effect of essential oils on different microorganisms, how they work in combination with other antimicrobial compounds, and their interaction with food matrix components. Also, recent studies have demonstrated that nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with essential oils have significant antimicrobial potential against multidrug- resistant pathogens due to an increase in chemical stability and solubility, decreased rapid evaporation and minimized degradation of active essential oil components. The application of encapsulated essential oils also supports their controlled and sustained release, which enhances their bioavailability and efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens. In the recent years, due to increasingly negative consumer perceptions of synthetic preservatives, interest in essential oils and their application in food preservation has been amplified. Moreover, the development of resistance to different antimicrobial agents by bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, etc. is a great challenge to the medical field for treating the infections caused by them, and hence, there is a pressing need to look for new and novel antimicrobials. To overcome these problems, nano-encapsulation of essential oils and exploiting the synergies between essential oils, constituents of essential oils, and antibiotics along with essential oils have been recommended as an answer to this problem. However, less is known about the interactions that lead to additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. A contributing role of this knowledge could be the design of new and more potent antimicrobial blends, and understanding of the interplay between the components of crude essential oils. This review is written with the purpose of giving an overview of current knowledge about the antimicrobial properties of essential oils and their mechanisms of action, components of essential oils, nano-encapsulated essential oils, and synergistic combinations of essential oils so as to find research areas that can facilitate applications of essential oils to overcome the problem of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms.
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              Antibacterial activity and composition of essential oils from Origanum, Thymbra and Satureja species with commercial importance in Turkey

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                MDPI
                1999-4923
                19 December 2019
                January 2020
                : 12
                : 1
                : 7
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma-Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; alessandro.maccelli@ 123456uniroma1.it (A.M.); anna.imbriano@ 123456uniroma1.it (A.I.); caterina.fraschetti@ 123456uniroma1.it (C.F.); antonello.filippi@ 123456uniroma1.it (A.F.); mariaelisa.crestoni@ 123456uniroma1.it (M.E.C.); simonetta.fornarini@ 123456uniroma1.it (S.F.); maria.carafa@ 123456uniroma1.it (M.C.); carlotta.marianecci@ 123456uniroma1.it (C.M.); federica.rinaldi@ 123456uniroma1.it (F.R.)
                [2 ]Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; luca.vitanza@ 123456uniroma1.it (L.V.); paola.goldoni@ 123456uniroma1.it (P.G.); lindamaurizi92@ 123456gmail.com (L.M.)
                [3 ]National Center of Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; maria.ammendolia@ 123456iss.it
                [4 ]Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. d’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; luigi.menghini@ 123456unich.it
                [5 ]Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: catia.longhi@ 123456uniroma1.it ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-4629
                [†]

                These equally contributed to the work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2375-6655
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-6999
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4121-3005
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-5034
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6312-5738
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7346-7395
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-3385
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2505-1766
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-3813
                Article
                pharmaceutics-12-00007
                10.3390/pharmaceutics12010007
                7022231
                31861717
                4e761790-05be-4fce-808e-655881c98913
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 08 October 2019
                : 12 December 2019
                Categories
                Article

                satureja montana l.,essential oils,nanoformulation,nanoemulsions,antibacterial activity,ft-icr mass spectrometry

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