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      In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of phytochemicals and micronutrients against Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii

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          Abstract

          Aims

          Little is known about the effects of phytochemicals against Borrelia sp. causing Lyme disease. Current therapeutic approach to this disease is limited to antibiotics. This study examined the anti‐borreliae efficacy of several plant‐derived compounds and micronutrients.

          Methods and Results

          We tested the efficacy of 15 phytochemicals and micronutrients against three morphological forms of Borrelia burgdoferi and Borrelia garinii: spirochetes, latent rounded forms and biofilm. The results showed that the most potent substances against the spirochete and rounded forms of B. burgdorferi and B. garinii were cis‐2‐decenoic acid, baicalein, monolaurin and kelp (iodine); whereas, only baicalein and monolaurin revealed significant activity against the biofilm. Moreover, cis‐2‐decenoic acid, baicalein and monolaurin did not cause statistically significant cytotoxicity to human HepG2 cells up to 125  μg ml −1 and kelp up to 20  μg ml −1.

          Conclusions

          The most effective antimicrobial compounds against all morphological forms of the two tested Borrelia sp. were baicalein and monolaurin. This might indicate that the presence of fatty acid and phenyl groups is important for comprehensive antibacterial activity.

          Significance and Impact of the Study

          This study reveals the potential of phytochemicals as an important tool in the fight against the species of Borrelia causing Lyme disease.

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          Most cited references64

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          Lyme borreliosis.

          Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease) is caused by spirochaetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex, which are transmitted by ticks. The most common clinical manifestation is erythema migrans, which eventually resolves, even without antibiotic treatment. However, the infecting pathogen can spread to other tissues and organs, causing more severe manifestations that can involve a patient's skin, nervous system, joints, or heart. The incidence of this disease is increasing in many countries. Laboratory evidence of infection, mainly serology, is essential for diagnosis, except in the case of typical erythema migrans. Diagnosed cases are usually treated with antibiotics for 2-4 weeks and most patients make an uneventful recovery. No convincing evidence exists to support the use of antibiotics for longer than 4 weeks, or for the persistence of spirochaetes in adequately treated patients. Prevention is mainly accomplished by protecting against tick bites. There is no vaccine available for human beings. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis?

            A treponema-like spirochete was detected in and isolated from adult Ixodes dammini, the incriminated tick vector of Lyme disease. Causally related to the spirochetes may be long-lasting cutaneous lesions that appeared on New Zealand White rabbits 10 to 12 weeks after infected ticks fed on them. Samples of serum from patients with Lyme disease were shown by indirect immunofluorescence to contain antibodies to this agent. It is suggested that the newly discovered spirochete is involved in the etiology of Lyme disease.
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              A fatty acid messenger is responsible for inducing dispersion in microbial biofilms.

              It is well established that in nature, bacteria are found primarily as residents of surface-associated communities called biofilms. These structures form in a sequential process initiated by attachment of cells to a surface, followed by the formation of matrix-enmeshed microcolonies, and culminating in dispersion of the bacteria from the mature biofilm. In the present study, we have demonstrated that, during growth, Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces an organic compound we have identified as cis-2-decenoic acid, which is capable of inducing the dispersion of established biofilms and of inhibiting biofilm development. When added exogenously to P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms at a native concentration of 2.5 nM, cis-2-decenoic acid was shown to induce the dispersion of biofilm microcolonies. This molecule was also shown to induce dispersion of biofilms, formed by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and the yeast Candida albicans. Active at nanomolar concentrations, cis-2-decenoic acid appears to be functionally and structurally related to the class of short-chain fatty acid signaling molecules such as diffusible signal factor, which act as cell-to-cell communication molecules in bacteria and fungi.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Appl Microbiol
                J. Appl. Microbiol
                10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2672
                JAM
                Journal of Applied Microbiology
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1364-5072
                1365-2672
                22 November 2015
                December 2015
                : 119
                : 6 ( doiID: 10.1111/jam.2015.119.issue-6 )
                : 1561-1572
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Dr. Rath Research Institute BV Santa Clara CAUSA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Aleksandra Niedzwiecki and Anna Goc, Dr. Rath Research Institute BV, 1260 Memorex Dr., Santa Clara, 95050 CA, USA.

                E‐mails: a.niedz@ 123456drrath.com (AN) and a.goc@ 123456drrath.com (AG)

                Article
                JAM12970 1356
                10.1111/jam.12970
                4738477
                26457476
                4e88e5d6-21ac-43ec-a413-0d42b444ee91
                © 2015 The Authors published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for Applied Microbiology.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 July 2015
                : 21 September 2015
                : 06 October 2015
                Page count
                Pages: 12
                Funding
                Funded by: Dr. Rath Health Foundation
                Funded by: Dr. Rath Research Institute BV
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Antimicrobials/Disinfection/Sterilization
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                jam12970
                December 2015
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:28.01.2016

                Microbiology & Virology
                biofilm,borrelia sp.,cysts,lyme disease,phytochemicals,spirochetes
                Microbiology & Virology
                biofilm, borrelia sp., cysts, lyme disease, phytochemicals, spirochetes

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