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      Receptores acoplados à proteína G: implicações para a fisiologia e doenças endócrinas

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          Abstract

          A maioria dos hormônios polipeptídicos e mesmo o cálcio extracelular atuam em suas células-alvo através de receptores acoplados à proteína G (GPCRs). Nos últimos anos, tem sido freqüente a identificação e associação causal de mutações em proteínas G e em GPCRs com diversas endocrinopatias, como diabetes insipidus nefrogênico, hipotiroidismo familiar, puberdade precoce familiar no sexo masculino e nódulos tiroidianos hiperfuncionantes. Nesta revisão, abordamos aspectos referentes ao mecanismo de transdução do sinal acoplado à proteína G, e descrevemos como mutações em GPCRs podem levar a algumas doenças endócrinas. Finalmente, comentamos a respeito das implicações diagnósticas e terapêuticas associadas com o maior conhecimento dos GPCRs.

          Translated abstract

          The majority of polypeptide hormones and even extracellular calcium signal their target cells through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recently, many mutations have been both identified and associated with several endocrine disorders, such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, familial hypothyroidism, familial male precocious puberty and sporadic hyperfunctional thyroid nodules. In this review, the G-protein coupled signal transduction mechanism is described. Moreover, the mechanism through which GPCRs’ mutations lead to endocrine disease is reviewed. Finally, we will comment on implications for diagnosis and treatment related to increasing research on GPCRs.

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          Most cited references80

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          Crystal structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor.

          Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to a variety of different external stimuli and activate G proteins. GPCRs share many structural features, including a bundle of seven transmembrane alpha helices connected by six loops of varying lengths. We determined the structure of rhodopsin from diffraction data extending to 2.8 angstroms resolution. The highly organized structure in the extracellular region, including a conserved disulfide bridge, forms a basis for the arrangement of the seven-helix transmembrane motif. The ground-state chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, holds the transmembrane region of the protein in the inactive conformation. Interactions of the chromophore with a cluster of key residues determine the wavelength of the maximum absorption. Changes in these interactions among rhodopsins facilitate color discrimination. Identification of a set of residues that mediate interactions between the transmembrane helices and the cytoplasmic surface, where G-protein activation occurs, also suggests a possible structural change upon photoactivation.
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            Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid.

            Maintenance of a stable internal environment within complex organisms requires specialized cells that sense changes in the extracellular concentration of specific ions (such as Ca2+). Although the molecular nature of such ion sensors is unknown, parathyroid cells possess a cell surface Ca(2+)-sensing mechanism that also recognizes trivalent and polyvalent cations (such as neomycin) and couples by changes in phosphoinositide turnover and cytosolic Ca2+ to regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion. The latter restores normocalcaemia by acting on kidney and bone. We now report the cloning of complementary DNA encoding an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid with pharmacological and functional properties nearly identical to those of the native receptor. The novel approximately 120K receptor shares limited similarity with the metabotropic glutamate receptors and features a large extracellular domain, containing clusters of acidic amino-acid residues possibly involved in calcium binding, coupled to a seven-membrane-spanning domain like those in the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily.
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              The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors.

              Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulate pigmentation and adrenal cortical function, respectively. These peptides also have a variety of biological activities in other areas, including the brain, the pituitary, and the immune system. A complete understanding of the biological activities of these hormones requires the isolation and characterization of their corresponding receptors. The murine and human MSH receptors (MSH-Rs) and a human ACTH receptor (ACTH-R) were cloned. These receptors define a subfamily of receptors coupled to guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that may include the cannabinoid receptor.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                abem
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1677-9487
                June 2001
                : 45
                : 3
                : 228-239
                Affiliations
                [01] São Paulo SP orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola Paulista de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina
                Article
                S0004-27302001000300004 S0004-2730(01)04500304
                10.1590/S0004-27302001000300004
                4e90b51c-69b8-48a2-ba57-8affedff77a4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 February 2001
                : 06 November 2000
                : 23 February 2001
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 81, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Revisões

                Endocrine diseases,Inactivating mutations,Activating mutations,G protein-coupled receptors,Doenças endócrinas,Mutações inativadoras,Mutações ativadoras,Receptores acoplados à proteína G

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