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      Mortality and costs of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults: a cross-sectional study Translated title: Mortalidade e custos da pneumonia pneumocócica em adultos: um estudo transversal

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective

          Pneumococcal pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among adults. The study’s main aim was to evaluate the in-hospital mortality and related costs of community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in adults.

          Methods

          This cross-sectional study used medical records of adult patients with pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalized in a university hospital in Brazil from October 2009 to April 2017. All patients aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia were included. Risk factors, intensive care unit admission, length of hospital stay, in-hospital mortality, and direct and indirect costs were analyzed.

          Results

          In total, 186 patients were selected. The mean in-hospital mortality rate was 18% for adults aged < 65 years and 23% for the elderly (≥ 65 years). Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia affected 20% of patients in both groups, mainly through chronic respiratory disease (adjusted OR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.23–7.65, p < 0.01). Over 7 years, annual total direct and indirect costs were USD 28,188 for adults < 65 years (USD 1,746 per capita) and USD 16,350 for the elderly (USD 2,119 per capita).

          Conclusion

          Pneumococcal pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among adults, significantly affecting direct and indirect costs. These results suggest the need for prevention strategies for all adults, especially for patients with chronic respiratory diseases.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo

          A pneumonia pneumocócica é uma causa significativa de morbimortalidade entre adultos. Desta maneira, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a mortalidade intra-hospitalar e os custos relacionados à doença adquirida em adultos.

          Métodos

          Este estudo transversal utilizou prontuários de pacientes adultos com pneumonia pneumocócica internados em um hospital universitário no Brasil, de outubro de 2009 a abril de 2017. Todos os pacientes com idade ≥ 18 anos e diagnosticados com pneumonia pneumocócica foram incluídos. Dados como os fatores de risco, a internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, o tempo de internação, a mortalidade hospitalar e os custos diretos e indiretos foram analisados.

          Resultados

          No total, 186 pacientes foram selecionados. A taxa média de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 18% para adultos com idade < 65 anos e 23% para os idosos (≥ 65 anos). A pneumonia pneumocócica bacterêmica acometeu 20% dos pacientes em ambos os grupos, principalmente por doença respiratória crônica (OR ajustada: 3,07; IC95%: 1,23‐7,65; p < 0,01). Após levantamento das internações ocorridas no período de sete anos de tratamento, verificou-se que os custos diretos e indiretos totais anuais foram de US$ 28.188 para adultos < 65 anos (US$ 1.746 per capita) e US$ 16.350 para os idosos (US$ 2.119 per capita).

          Conclusão

          A pneumonia pneumocócica continua sendo uma importante causa de morbimortalidade entre adultos, afetando significativamente os custos diretos e indiretos. Esses resultados sugerem a necessidade de estratégias de prevenção para todos os adultos, especialmente para pacientes com doenças respiratórias crônicas.

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          Most cited references44

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          Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe.

          It is difficult to determine the impact of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Europe, because precise data are scarce. Mortality attributable to CAP varies widely between European countries and with the site of patient management. This review analysed the clinical and economic burden, aetiology and resistance patterns of CAP in European adults. All primary articles reporting studies in Europe published from January 1990 to December 2007 addressing the clinical and economic burden of CAP in adults were included. A total of 2606 records were used to identify primary studies. CAP incidence varied by country, age and gender, and was higher in individuals aged ≥65 years and in men. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common agent isolated. Mortality varied from <1% to 48% and was associated with advanced age, co-morbid conditions and CAP severity. Antibiotic resistance was seen in all pathogens associated with CAP. There was an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains, but resistance was not related to mortality. CAP was associated with high rates of hospitalisation and length of hospital stay. The review showed that the clinical and economic burden of CAP in Europe is high. CAP has considerable long-term effects on quality of life, and long-term prognosis is worse in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia.
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            Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team.

            Approximately half of otherwise healthy adults with invasive pneumococcal disease are cigarette smokers. We conducted a population-based case-control study to assess the importance of cigarette smoking and other factors as risk factors for pneumococcal infections. We identified immunocompetent patients who were 18 to 64 years old and who had invasive pneumococcal disease (as defined by the isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a normally sterile site) by active surveillance of laboratories in metropolitan Atlanta, Baltimore, and Toronto. Telephone interviews were conducted with 228 patients and 301 control subjects who were reached by random-digit dialing. Fifty-eight percent of the patients and 24 percent of the control subjects were current smokers. Invasive pneumococcal disease was associated with cigarette smoking (odds ratio, 4.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.4 to 7.3) and with passive smoking among nonsmokers (odds ratio, 2.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.1) after adjustment by logistic-regression analysis for age, study site, and independent risk factors such as male sex, black race, chronic illness, low level of education, and living with young children who were in day care. There were dose-response relations for the current number of cigarettes smoked per day, pack-years of smoking, and time since quitting. The adjusted population attributable risk was 51 percent for cigarette smoking, 17 percent for passive smoking, and 14 percent for chronic illness. Cigarette smoking is the strongest independent risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease among immunocompetent, nonelderly adults. Because of the high prevalence of smoking and the large population attributable risk, programs to reduce both smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke have the potential to reduce the incidence of pneumococcal disease.
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              Cardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: incidence, timing, risk factors, and association with short-term mortality.

              Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) affects >5 million adults each year in the United States. Although incident cardiac complications occur in patients with community-acquired pneumonia, their incidence, timing, risk factors, and associations with short-term mortality are not well understood. A total of 1343 inpatients and 944 outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia were followed up prospectively for 30 days after presentation. Incident cardiac complications (new or worsening heart failure, new or worsening arrhythmias, or myocardial infarction) were diagnosed in 358 inpatients (26.7%) and 20 outpatients (2.1%). Although most events (89.1% in inpatients, 75% in outpatients) were diagnosed within the first week, more than half of them were recognized in the first 24 hours. Factors associated with their diagnosis included older age (odds ratio [OR]=1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.04), nursing home residence (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.9), history of heart failure (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 3.0-6.3), prior cardiac arrhythmias (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7), previously diagnosed coronary artery disease (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.04-2.0), arterial hypertension (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1), respiratory rate ≥30 breaths per minute (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3), blood pH <7.35 (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.8-5.7), blood urea nitrogen ≥30 mg/dL (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2), serum sodium <130 mmol/L (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.02-3.1), hematocrit <30% (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-3.2), pleural effusion on presenting chest x-ray (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4), and inpatient care (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.8-8.3). Incident cardiac complications were associated with increased risk of death at 30 days after adjustment for baseline Pneumonia Severity Index score (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.04-2.5). Incident cardiac complications are common in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and are associated with increased short-term mortality. Older age, nursing home residence, preexisting cardiovascular disease, and pneumonia severity are associated with their occurrence. Further studies are required to test risk stratification and prevention and treatment strategies for cardiac complications in this population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                jbpneu
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                17 October 2019
                Nov-Dec 2019
                : 45
                : 6
                : e20180374
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalUniversidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul (RS), Brasil.
                [2 ] originalPrograma de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul (RS), Brasil.
                [3 ] originalDepartamento de Ciências Econômicas, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul (RS), Brasil.
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence to: Lessandra Michelin. Diretoria Hospital Geral, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Rua Prof Antonio Vignolli, 255, CEP 95070-561, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brasil. Tel.: +55 54 9 9163-6437. E-mail: lessandra@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-792X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8297-1190
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9019-7000
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0503-750X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-8222
                Article
                jbpneuAO20180374_PT 00204
                10.1590/1806-3713/e20180374
                8653114
                31644703
                4ea410f9-4208-468c-bcca-7cc380f86472
                © 2020 Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 November 2018
                : 14 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 37
                Categories
                Original Article

                pneumococcus,pneumococcal disease,pneumonia,hospital costs,mortality,pneumocócica,doença pneumocócica,custos hospitalares,mortalidade

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