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      Uso de suplementos nutricionales y productos a base de extractos de plantas en población española: un estudio transversal Translated title: Use of dietary supplements and plant extracts products in the Spanish population: a cross-sectional study

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: El mercado de suplementos registra grandes ventas, pero los datos de prevalencia y razones de uso en España son escasos. Los objetivos del estudio fueron evaluar la prevalencia de uso de suplementos, así como identificar por qué, para qué, modo de uso, quién los prescribe y dónde se adquieren. Metodología: Estudio transversal mediante cuestionario ad hoc autoadministrado online a 2.630 participantes (50% mujeres) de características sociodemográficas asimiladas a la población española. Encuesta de 24 ítems para evaluar prácticas y actitudes de la población sobre los suplementos, 9 ítems sociodemográficos y 6 ítems sobre hábitos de vida. Se realizó análisis descriptivo, frecuencia de uso de suplementos, razones de uso y prescripción en función de las variables sociodemográficas. Se utilizó el IBM SPSS Statistics 25 para el análisis estadístico, situando el valor p de significación estadística en <0,05. Resultados: El 75,1% de la población estudiada (n=1.976) afirmó tomar durante el último año algún tipo de suplemento (63,4% complementos alimenticios; 30,2% productos para usos médicos especiales; 28,6% extractos de plantas; 19,9% productos para deportistas; y 13,8% productos para adelgazar). El 70% de los encuestados declaró consumir complementos alimenticios o productos a base de plantas para mejorar su estado de salud, mientras que el 50% de los que consumía suplementos para deportistas lo hacían para mejorar su rendimiento deportivo. El 77% de los que consumieron productos para adelgazar, lo harían para complementar la dieta. Los prescriptores y puntos de adquisición dependieron del tipo de producto. Los suplementos se percibieron en general como seguros, pero su eficacia fue percibida como leve y transitoria. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de uso de suplementos es alta. Mejorar la salud, adelgazar y mejorar el rendimiento deportivo, son los principales motivadores de su consumo. Un alto porcentaje de suplementos serían autoprescritos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: The supplements market registers large sales, however, prevalence and reasons for supplements use data in Spain are scarce. The study aimed i) to evaluate the prevalence of use of supplements, and ii) to identify why they are used, their purposes, who prescribe them and where they are purchased. Methodology: Cross-sectional study using an ad-hoc online self-administered questionnaire to 2,630 participants (50% women) with sociodemographic characteristics assimilated to the Spanish population. The survey consisted of 24 items to assess population's practices and attitudes in relation to supplements, 9 items on sociodemographic indicators and 6 items on lifestyle habits. A descriptive analysis was carried out, frequency of use of supplements, reasons for their use and their prescribers by the main sociodemographic variables. The IBM SPSS Statistics 25 was used for statistical analysis, placing the p value of statistical significance at <0.05. Results: 75.1% of the studied population (n=1,976) claimed to have consumed some kind of supplements in the last year (63.4% dietary supplements; 30.2% products for special medical uses; 28.6% herbal extracts; 19.9% products intended for athletes; and 13.8% products for weight loss). 70% of the sample claimed to have consumed nutritional or herbals supplements to improve their health, while among the consumers of sports supplements, 50% did it to improve performance. 77% of people who referred consumption of products for weight loss would do so to supplement their diet. Prescribers and points of sales were highly dependent on the type of supplements. Supplements were generally perceived as safe, while their effectiveness was mild to transitory. Conclusions: The prevalence of use of dietary supplements is high. Improving the general health status, losing weight, and enhancing sports performance are the main motivators for their consumption. A high percentage of the supplements might be self-administered.

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          Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology—Nutritional Epidemiology (STROBE-nut): An Extension of the STROBE Statement

          Background Concerns have been raised about the quality of reporting in nutritional epidemiology. Research reporting guidelines such as the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement can improve quality of reporting in observational studies. Herein, we propose recommendations for reporting nutritional epidemiology and dietary assessment research by extending the STROBE statement into Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology—Nutritional Epidemiology (STROBE-nut). Methods and Findings Recommendations for the reporting of nutritional epidemiology and dietary assessment research were developed following a systematic and consultative process, coordinated by a multidisciplinary group of 21 experts. Consensus on reporting guidelines was reached through a three-round Delphi consultation process with 53 external experts. In total, 24 recommendations for nutritional epidemiology were added to the STROBE checklist. Conclusion When used appropriately, reporting guidelines for nutritional epidemiology can contribute to improve reporting of observational studies with a focus on diet and health.
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            Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use by Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

            Background Dietary supplements (DSs) are commercially available products consumed as an addition to the usual diet and are frequently ingested by athletes. Objective Our objective was to examine the prevalence of DS use by athletes. Data Sources PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, OVID Healthstar, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health were searched for original research articles published up to August 2014. Search terms included specific sports, specific DSs, and other terms. Study Selection Studies were selected if they were written in English, involved athletes, and provided a quantitative assessment of the proportion of athletes using specific DSs. Summary Measure Percent of athletes using specific DSs. Synthesis of Data Methodological quality of studies was assessed by three reviewers using an 8-point scale that included evaluations for sampling methods, sampling frame, sample size, measurement tools, bias, response rate, statistical presentation, and description of the participant sample. Where there were at least two investigations, meta-analysis was performed to obtain summary (pooled) prevalence estimates (SPEs) on (1) DS use prevalence by sport and sex, (2) DS use prevalence by elite versus non-elite athletic status, and (3) specific DS prevalence for all athletic groups combined. Meta-analyses included evaluations of homogeneity and publication bias. Results A total of 159 unique studies met the review criteria. Methodological quality was generally low with an average ± standard deviation of 43 ± 16 % of available rating points. There was low homogeneity for SPEs when compiled by sport, athletic status, and/or specific DSs. Contributing to the lack of homogeneity were differences in studies’ objectives and types of assessments used (e.g., dietary surveys, interviews, questionnaires). Despite these limitations, the data generally indicated that elite athletes used DSs much more than their non-elite counterparts. For most DSs, use prevalence was similar for men and women except that a larger proportion of women used iron while a larger proportion of men used vitamin E, protein, and creatine. No consistent change in use over time was observed because even the earliest investigations showed relatively high use prevalence. Conclusion It was difficult to generalize regarding DS use by athletes because of the lack of homogeneity among studies. Nonetheless, the data suggested that elite athletes used dietary supplements far more than their non-elite counterparts; use was similar for men and women with a few exceptions; use appeared to change little over time; and a larger proportion of athletes used DSs compared with the general US population. Improvements in study methodology should be considered in future studies especially (1) defining DSs for participants; (2) querying for very specific DSs; (3) using a variety of reporting timeframes (e.g., daily, 2–6 times/week, 1 time/week and <1 time/week); (4) reporting the sampling frame, number of individuals solicited, and number responding; (5) reporting characteristics of volunteers (and non-volunteers, if available); and (6) using similar methods on several occasions to examine possible temporal trends among athletes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement use in elite Spanish athletes

              Background Dietary supplementation is a common strategy to achieve a specific health status or performance benefit. Several investigations have focused on the prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes. However, information on how athletes manage the use and purchase of dietary supplements is scarce. Methods Five hundred and twenty-seven high-performance athletes (346 males and 181 females), participating in individual and team sports, completed a validated questionnaire about use and purchase patterns of dietary supplements. The dietary supplements were categorized according to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus. Results Sixty four percent of the athletes (n = 337) used dietary supplements (median = 3; range 1 to 12). Age, sex, type of sport, level of competition, and professionalism influenced the prevalence of dietary supplement use (all p < 0.05). The most prevalent dietary supplement consumed was proteins (41%; n = 137), followed by amino acids/BCAA-based supplements (37%; n = 124). Additionally, as per group of supplements according to IOC consensus, 18% of the supplements were rated as having a low level of scientific evidence (e.g., glutamine, HMB, L-carnitine, etc). Most athletes (45%, n = 152) purchased dietary supplements in a store and 24% (n = 81) obtained them from a sponsor. Most athletes also (42%, n = 141) reported a self-organization of supplementation and did not consult with any professional. Last, 81% (n = 273) of athletes consuming supplements did not know any platform to check supplement safety/quality. For those who do not use dietary supplements (36% of the total sample, n = 190), most reported that they do not consider supplements necessary (72%, n = 137). Conclusion Dietary supplementation appears to be widely used in sport with a considerable proportion of athletes consuming supplements with low level of scientific evidence. Additionally, athletes seem to rely on inadequate sources of information and may be largely unaware of sources to detect supplement contamination.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                renhyd
                Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética
                Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet
                Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                2173-1292
                2174-5145
                September 2022
                : 26
                : 3
                : 217-229
                Affiliations
                [2] Madrid orgnameInstituto Carlos III orgdiv1Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición España
                [1] Pamplona orgnameAcademia Española de Nutrición y Dietética España
                [3] Madrid orgnameFundación MAPFRE España
                [4] Madrid orgnameActual Research España
                Article
                S2174-51452022000300007 S2174-5145(22)02600300007
                10.14306/renhyd.26.3.1693
                4ec3be38-e6f5-426d-b911-955724b54b55

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 June 2022
                : 11 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Investigaciones

                Suplementos Dietéticos,Suplementos para Deportistas,Suplementos Herbales,Estudio Transversal,España,Dietary Supplements,Sport dietary supplement,Herbal Supplements,Cross-Sectional Studies,Spain

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