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      Desenvolvimento de um modelo de pé segmentado para avaliação de indivíduos calçados Translated title: Development of a segmented foot model for assessing individuals with shoes

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          Abstract

          INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de calçados pode influenciar parâmetros cinemáticos dos segmentos do pé durante a marcha. OBJETIVO: Testar um modelo biomecânico para avaliar o deslocamento angular dos segmentos do pé durante a marcha de indivíduos calçados. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Dez indivíduos adultos jovens saudáveis participaram do estudo. Um par de tênis foi utilizado durante o estudo. O sistema Qualisys Pró-Reflex foi utilizado para a avaliação das variáveis de desfecho: deslocamento angular de retropé nos planos sagital, frontal e transverso e de antepé nos planos frontal e transverso. O Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse foi usado para verificar o grau de associação das seguintes variáveis entre as duas visitas: valores angulares máximos e mínimos e deslocamento angular total. RESULTADOS: As variáveis de desfecho apresentaram confiabilidade teste-reteste de moderada a excelente. DISCUSSÃO: O nível de confiabilidade encontrado foi considerado aceitável, fornecendo, assim, uma base sólida para a avaliação objetiva da cinemática dos segmentos do pé de indivíduos calçados em ambientes laboratoriais, para fins de pesquisas científicas e avaliações clínicas da cinemática da marcha humana. CONCLUSÃO: A qualidade do método desenvolvido e da análise de confiabilidade realizada detectou padrões de movimento dos segmentos do pé próximos aos descritos na literatura. Além disso, o protocolo de aquisição apresentado não é invasivo, não requer uma estrutura extra de referência, posicionamento da articulação subtalar em neutro nem é dependente da informação fornecida por raios-X.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUCTION: The use of shoes may influence the kinematics parameters of the foot segments during gait. OBJECTIVE: To test a biomechanical model developed to measure the angular displacement of the foot segments during gait of individuals using shoes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten healthy young individuals participated in the study. A pair of shoes was used during the study. The Qualisys Pró-Reflex system was used to measure the following outcome variables: angular displacement of the rearfoot in the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes of motion and forefoot in the frontal and transverse planes. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was calculated to verify the association between the following variables between visits: maximum and minimum joint angles and the total range of motion. RESULTS: The investigated outcomes demonstrated values of intra-rater reliability ranging from moderate to excellent. DISCUSSION: This study presented a feasible and reliable method to measure the angular displacement of the foot segments during gait using shoes. The methods can be applied during scientific researches and clinical assessments of the kinematics during human gait. CONCLUSION: The quality of the method developed and the reliability analysis realized demonstrated motion patterns of the segments of the foot similar to what is demonstrated in the literature. In addition, the protocol is noninvasive, does not require an additional reference device, subtalar neutral position and does not depend on information provided by X-ray images.

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          Most cited references33

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          Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies.

          A method is developed to calculate the required number of subjects k in a reliability study, where reliability is measured using the intraclass correlation rho. The method is based on a functional approximation to earlier exact results. The approximation is shown to have excellent agreement with the exact results and one can use it easily without intensive numerical computation. Optimal design configurations are also discussed; for reliability values of about 40 per cent or higher, use of two or three observations per subject will minimize the total number of observations required.
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            Biomechanical motor patterns in normal walking.

            Motor patterns in normal human gait are evident in several biomechanical and EMG analyses over the stride period. Some of these patterns are invariant over the stride period with changes of cadence, whole others are closely correlated with speed changes. The findings for slow, natural, and fast walking are summarized: 1. Joint angle patterns over the stride period are quite invariant, and do not change with cadence; 2. Moment of force patterns at the ankle are least variable and quite consistent at all speeds; 3. A recently defined support moment is quite consistent at all speeds. 4. Moments at the knee and hip are highly variable at all cadences but decrease their variability as cadence increases; 5. Mechanical power patterns at all joints show consistent timing over the stride period; 6. EMG profiles of 5 muscles show consistent timing over the stride, but the amplitude increases as walking speed increases. Arguments are presented to support the concept that walking speed is largely controlled by gain and that the timing of the motor patterns, which is extremely tightly synchronized with the anatomical position, is under major afferent control.
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              The movement of the heel within a running shoe.

              Most running shoe investigations have used the same standard procedure for the evaluation of the shoes: the runners are filmed from behind and a film analysis is carried out digitizing markers at the heel counter of the shoe and on the lower leg. The angular displacement of these markers relative to the horizontal or the vertical is assumed to be an indicator for various sports injuries. The goal of this investigation was to measure the movement of the heel counter as well as the movement of the heel inside the shoe. First, the influence of the size of different heel counter windows was controlled and found negligible for the test conditions of this study. Second, 15 subjects performed the following procedure: running (a) barefoot, (b) with shoes with windows, and (c) without windows. Overall, the heel was found to move similarly but not identically to the heel counter. The maximum change of pronation was (a) 13.7 +/- 3.7 degrees, barefoot; (b) 14.1 +/- 3.8 degrees for the shoe with windows and 12.1 +/- 3.7 degrees for the heel inside these shoes; and 14.9 +/- 4.2 degrees for the shoes with no windows. To achieve a general impression of a shoe in the sense of a qualitative description, the previous method without heel counter windows still seems adequate. However, for a detailed analysis of quantitative nature, it is important to use the method with heel counter windows.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                fm
                Fisioterapia em Movimento
                Fisioter. mov.
                Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (Curitiba )
                1980-5918
                March 2013
                : 26
                : 1
                : 95-105
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                Article
                S0103-51502013000100011
                10.1590/S0103-51502013000100011
                4ec6099e-3e8f-4277-acb3-604ad9af16f8

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-5150&lng=en
                Categories
                ORTHOPEDICS
                REHABILITATION

                Orthopedics,Physiotherapy
                Kinematics,Foot,Gait,Reliability,Shoes,Cinemática,,Marcha,Confiabilidade,Calçados
                Orthopedics, Physiotherapy
                Kinematics, Foot, Gait, Reliability, Shoes, Cinemática, , Marcha, Confiabilidade, Calçados

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