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      Food additive “lauric acid” possess non-toxic profile on biochemical, haematological and histopathological studies in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats

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          Abstract

          Background

          Lauric acid (LA), a common constituent of coconut oil, is used as food additives and supplements in various formulations. Despite various potential pharmacological properties, no scientific evidence on its dose-related toxicity and safety is available till date.

          Objective

          The current study was conducted to evaluate acute oral toxicity of LA on normal rats.

          Methods

          The study was conducted in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines (OECD 423) with slight modifications. LA was administered orally to female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats ( n = 6/group) at a single dose of 300 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight, respectively, while normal control received vehicle only. Animals from all the three groups were monitored for any behavioural and toxicological changes and mortality for two weeks. Food and fluid consumption, body weight was monitored on daily basis. At the end (on day 15th) of the experimental period, blood was collected for haematological and biochemical analysis. Further, all the animals were euthanized, and internal organs were harvested for histopathological investigation using four different stainings; haematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, Periodic Acid Schiff and Picro Sirius Red for gross pathology through microscopical observation.

          Results

          The study results showed no LA treatment-related mortality and morbidity at two different dosages. Daily food and water consumption, body weight, relative organ weight, haematological, and biochemical analysis were observed to be normal with no severe alterations to the internal tissues.

          Conclusion

          The current finding suggests that single oral administration of LA, even up to 2,000 mg/kg body weight, did not exhibit any signs of toxicity in SD rats; thus, it was safe to be used on disease models in animals.

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          Most cited references53

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          Picrosirius red staining: a useful tool to appraise collagen networks in normal and pathological tissues.

          Specific staining of the extracellular matrix components is especially helpful in studying tissue remodeling, particularly in the case of connective tissue pathologies. As developed by Junqueira and colleagues in 1979, specific staining by Picrosirius red is one of the most important stains to study collagen networks in different tissues. Under polarized light, collagen bundles appear green, red or yellow, and are easily differentiated from the black background, thus allowing for quantitative morphometric analysis. As Junqueira and colleagues point out, many studies use color staining to differentiate collagen bundles and to specify collagen types, yet other studies report that polarized colors only reflect fiber thickness and packing. Using a simple histological example, our study illustrates the inability of Picrosirius red staining to differentiate collagen types, since the absorbed amount of polarized light by this dye strictly depends on the orientation of the collagen bundles.
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            Immunity, tolerance and autoimmunity in the liver: A comprehensive review.

            The hepatic immune system is constantly exposed to a massive load of harmless dietary and commensal antigens, to which it must remain tolerant. Immune tolerance in the liver is mediated by a number of specialized antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells, Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells. These cells are capable of presenting antigens to T cells leading to T cell apoptosis, anergy, or differentiation into regulatory T cells. However, the hepatic immune system must also be able to respond to pathogens and tumours and therefore must be equipped with mechanisms to override immune tolerance. The liver is a site of accumulation of a number of innate lymphocyte populations, including natural killer cells, CD56(+) T cells, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Innate lymphocytes recognize conserved metabolites derived from microorganisms and host cells and respond by killing target cells or promoting the differentiation and/or activation of other cells of the immune system. Innate lymphocytes can promote the maturation of antigen-presenting cells from their precursors and thereby contribute to the generation of immunogenic T cell responses. These cells may be responsible for overriding hepatic immune tolerance to autoantigens, resulting in the induction and maintenance of autoreactive T cells that mediate liver injury causing autoimmune liver disease. Some innate lymphocyte populations can also directly mediate liver injury by killing hepatocytes or bile duct cells in murine models of hepatitis, whilst other populations may protect against liver disease. It is likely that innate lymphocyte populations can promote or protect against autoimmune liver disease in humans and that these cells can be targeted therapeutically. Here I review the cellular mechanisms by which hepatic antigen-presenting cells and innate lymphocytes control the balance between immunity, tolerance and autoimmunity in the liver.
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              The Properties of Lauric Acid and Their Significance in Coconut Oil

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                peerj
                peerj
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                2167-8359
                31 March 2020
                2020
                : 8
                : e8805
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University , Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
                [2 ]Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University , Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
                [3 ]Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia
                [4 ]Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, (IPHARM) , Bukit Gelugor Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia
                Article
                8805
                10.7717/peerj.8805
                7120040
                32266118
                4ef6a745-f93c-4f45-8cfc-7e4e0ce2611d
                ©2020 Khan et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                : 27 November 2019
                : 25 February 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Taylors University Flagship Research Grant
                Award ID: TUFR/2017/002/01
                The current study was funded by the Taylors University Flagship Research Grant (TUFR/2017/002/01) under the umbrella of Ageing and Quality of Life. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Biochemistry
                Toxicology
                Hematology
                Histology

                lauric acid,acute oral toxicity,haematological parameters,biochemical parameters,histopathology,relative organ weight,food and water intake,h&e staining,masson trichrome staining

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