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      “Against Shameless and Systematic Calumny”: Strategies of Domination and Resistance and Their Impact on the Bodies of the Poor in Nineteenth-Century Ireland

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      1 , , 2
      Historical Archaeology
      Springer International Publishing
      bioarchaeology, colonialism, identity, prison, workhouse

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          Abstract

          Mid-Victorian British characterizations of Ireland and much of its population blamed race and “moral character” for the widespread poverty on the island. The Irish poor were portrayed as a “race apart” whose inherent failings were at least partly to blame for the mortality they suffered during the Great Famine of 1845–1852. Recent excavations at Kilkenny workhouse and Spike Island convict prison have produced skeletal assemblages from this critical period. These collections have enabled bioarchaeological analysis of parameters mentioned by the Victorians as indicative of the distinctiveness of the Irish poor: stature, interpersonal violence, and tobacco use. Bioarchaeological data indicate that the differences between Irish and British populations in stature and risk of violence were exaggerated. Such characterizations, we argue, were part of a strategy of “Othering” that served to legitimize colonial domination. This exertion of power did not go uncontested, as the pattern of tobacco use may be indicative of forms of passive resistance.

          Extracto

          Las caracterizaciones británicas a mediados de la época victoriana de Irlanda y gran parte de su población echaban la culpa a su raza y “carácter moral” por la pobreza generalizada en la isla. Los pobres irlandeses fueron retratados como una “raza aparte”, cuyas fallas inherentes fueron al menos en parte culpables de la mortalidad que sufrieron durante la Gran Hambruna de 1845–1852. Las excavaciones recientes en la casa de trabajo de Kilkenny y la prisión de convictos de Spike Island han producido ensamblajes esqueléticos de este período crítico. Estas colecciones han permitido el análisis bioarqueológico de los parámetros mencionados por los victorianos como indicativos del carácter distintivo de los pobres irlandeses: estatura, violencia interpersonal y consumo de tabaco. Los datos bioarqueológicos indican que las diferencias entre las poblaciones irlandesas y británicas en áreas de estatura y riesgo de violencia fueron exageradas. Tales caracterizaciones, argumentamos, fueron parte de una estrategia de “Otredad” que sirvió para legitimar la dominación colonial. Este ejercicio de poder no se realizaba sin oposición, ya que el patrón de consumo de tabaco puede ser indicativo de formas de resistencia pasiva.

          Résumé

          Les descriptions de l’Irlande et de la plupart de sa population par la société Britannique du milieu de l’ère victorienne, blâmaient la race et le « caractère moral » pour expliquer la pauvreté généralisée sur l’île. Les Irlandais pauvres étaient décrits comme une « race à part », dont les faiblesses inhérentes étaient à tout le moins et en partie la raison de la mortalité les ayant frappés durant la Grande famine de 1845–1852. Les récentes fouilles archéologiques à l’hospice des pauvres de Kilkenny et dans la prison de Spike Island ont mis au jour des assemblages ostéologiques de cette période critique. Ces collections ont permis une analyse bioarchéologique des paramètres mentionnés par les Victoriens comme indicatifs du caractère distinctif de l’Irlandais pauvre: stature, violence interpersonnelle et consommation de tabac. Les données bioarchéologiques indiquent que les différences entre les populations irlandaise et britannique étaient exagérées quant aux traits liés à la stature et au risque de violence. Ces caractérisations faisaient partie selon nous d’une stratégie d’« Altérisation » servant à légitimer la domination coloniale. L’exercice de ce pouvoir n’a pas manqué d’être contesté, comme l’indiquent les usages de consommation du tabac qui ont pu représenter une forme de résistance passive.

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          Estimation of stature from long bones of American Whites and Negroes.

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            Nicotine decreases food intake through activation of POMC neurons.

            Smoking decreases appetite, and smokers often report that they smoke to control their weight. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the anorexic effects of smoking would facilitate the development of novel treatments to help with smoking cessation and to prevent or treat obesity. By using a combination of pharmacological, molecular genetic, electrophysiological, and feeding studies, we found that activation of hypothalamic α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors leads to activation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. POMC neurons and subsequent activation of melanocortin 4 receptors were critical for nicotinic-induced decreases in food intake in mice. This study demonstrates that nicotine decreases food intake and body weight by influencing the hypothalamic melanocortin system and identifies critical molecular and synaptic mechanisms involved in nicotine-induced decreases in appetite.
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              A re-evaluation of estimation of stature based on measurements of stature taken during life and of long bones after death.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jonny.geber@ed.ac.uk
                Journal
                Hist Archaeol
                Hist Archaeol
                Historical Archaeology
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0440-9213
                14 January 2020
                14 January 2020
                2020
                : 54
                : 1
                : 160-183
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.4305.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, , University of Edinburgh, ; William Robertson Wing, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
                [2 ]GRID grid.7872.a, ISNI 0000000123318773, Department of Archaeology, , University College Cork, ; Cork, T12 CY82 Ireland
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6113-1950
                Article
                219
                10.1007/s41636-019-00219-2
                7012797
                4f05e088-07fc-4593-94da-d6fa370dcf62
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 10 January 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Johan och Jakob Söderbergs Stiftelse (SE)
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004440, Wellcome Trust;
                Award ID: 096435/Z/11/Z
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002081, Irish Research Council;
                Award ID: GOIPD/2013/36
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000873, Queen's University Belfast;
                Funded by: Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd. (IE)
                Categories
                Original Article
                Custom metadata
                © Society for Historical Archaeology 2020

                bioarchaeology,colonialism,identity,prison,workhouse
                bioarchaeology, colonialism, identity, prison, workhouse

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