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      The nutritional requirements of Caenorhabditis elegans

      review-article
      , ,
      Genes & Nutrition
      BioMed Central
      Caenorhabditis elegans, Nutrition, Model organism, Diet

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          Abstract

          Animals require sufficient intake of a variety of nutrients to support their development, somatic maintenance and reproduction. An adequate diet provides cell building blocks, chemical energy to drive cellular processes and essential nutrients that cannot be synthesised by the animal, or at least not in the required amounts. Dietary requirements of nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans have been extensively studied with the major aim to develop a chemically defined axenic medium that would support their growth and reproduction. At the same time, these studies helped elucidating important aspects of nutrition-related biochemistry and metabolism as well as the establishment of C. elegans as a powerful model in studying evolutionarily conserved pathways, and the influence of the diet on health.

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          Most cited references169

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          daf-2, an insulin receptor-like gene that regulates longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans.

          A C. elegans neurosecretory signaling system regulates whether animals enter the reproductive life cycle or arrest development at the long-lived dauer diapause stage. daf-2, a key gene in the genetic pathway that mediates this endocrine signaling, encodes an insulin receptor family member. Decreases in DAF-2 signaling induce metabolic and developmental changes, as in mammalian metabolic control by the insulin receptor. Decreased DAF-2 signaling also causes an increase in life-span. Life-span regulation by insulin-like metabolic control is analogous to mammalian longevity enhancement induced by caloric restriction, suggesting a general link between metabolism, diapause, and longevity.
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            Toward improving Caenorhabditis elegans phenome mapping with an ORFeome-based RNAi library.

            The recently completed Caenorhabditis elegans genome sequence allows application of high-throughput (HT) approaches for phenotypic analyses using RNA interference (RNAi). As large phenotypic data sets become available, "phenoclustering" strategies can be used to begin understanding the complex molecular networks involved in development and other biological processes. The current HT-RNAi resources represent a great asset for phenotypic profiling but are limited by lack of flexibility. For instance, existing resources do not take advantage of the latest improvements in RNAi technology, such as inducible hairpin RNAi. Here we show that a C. elegans ORFeome resource, generated with the Gateway cloning system, can be used as a starting point to generate alternative HT-RNAi resources with enhanced flexibility. The versatility inherent to the Gateway system suggests that additional HT-RNAi libraries can now be readily generated to perform gene knockdowns under various conditions, increasing the possibilities for phenome mapping in C. elegans.
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              Pathogenic bacteria induce aversive olfactory learning in Caenorhabditis elegans.

              Food can be hazardous, either through toxicity or through bacterial infections that follow the ingestion of a tainted food source. Because learning about food quality enhances survival, one of the most robust forms of olfactory learning is conditioned avoidance of tastes associated with visceral malaise. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans feeds on bacteria but is susceptible to infection by pathogenic bacteria in its natural environment. Here we show that C. elegans modifies its olfactory preferences after exposure to pathogenic bacteria, avoiding odours from the pathogen and increasing its attraction to odours from familiar nonpathogenic bacteria. Particular bacteria elicit specific changes in olfactory preferences that are suggestive of associative learning. Exposure to pathogenic bacteria increases serotonin in ADF chemosensory neurons by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Serotonin functions through MOD-1, a serotonin-gated chloride channel expressed in sensory interneurons, to promote aversive learning. An increase in serotonin may represent the negative reinforcing stimulus in pathogenic infection.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Aleksandra.Zecic@UGent.be
                Ineke.Dhondt@UGent.be
                Bart.Braeckman@UGent.be
                Journal
                Genes Nutr
                Genes Nutr
                Genes & Nutrition
                BioMed Central (London )
                1555-8932
                1865-3499
                6 May 2019
                6 May 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 15
                Affiliations
                ISNI 0000 0001 2069 7798, GRID grid.5342.0, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aging Physiology and Molecular Evolution, , Ghent University, ; 9000 Ghent, Belgium
                Article
                637
                10.1186/s12263-019-0637-7
                6501307
                31080524
                4f0bf5f1-0da1-40d0-8d78-08a8b7240632
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 4 March 2019
                : 10 April 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BE)
                Award ID: BOF2-4J
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme ()
                Award ID: GA633589
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                caenorhabditis elegans,nutrition,model organism,diet
                Nutrition & Dietetics
                caenorhabditis elegans, nutrition, model organism, diet

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