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      Características clínicas y dificultades diagnósticas a partir de un estudio prospectivo sobre neumonía pediátrica adquirida en la comunidad Translated title: Clinical features and diagnostic difficulties from a prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia in children

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la neumonía continúa siendo una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad infantil. En Atención Primaria pediátrica su abordaje sigue en revisión. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo en nueve cupos pediátricos, sobre niños desde un mes a 14 años con neumonía. Diagnóstico etiológico mediante serología y aspirado a virus respiratorios. Se analiza la relación de diferentes variables con la etiología (vírica, bacteriana atípica y bacteriana típica). Resultados: se incluyeron 92 episodios. La edad media (47,5 meses) fue significativamente mayor en atípicas (74,2 ± 42,2), que víricas (36,1 ± 44,5; p <0,0001) y de sospecha neumocócicas (32,6 ± 21,1; p <0,0001). El 33,7% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95]: 24,9 a 43,8%) fueron de sospecha neumocócica, 30,4% (IC 95: 22,0 a 40,5) atípicas y 21,7% (IC 95: 14,5 a 31,2) víricas. Las atípicas no fueron raras en menores de 5 años (17,1%). Fiebre (89,1%) y tos (68,4%) fueron los síntomas principales. El patrón radiológico alveolar fue el más constatado (53,8%), sin diferencias entre grupos. La proteína C reactiva (PCR) fue significativamente mayor en víricas (7,6 ± 9,5 mg/dl) que en las de sospecha neumocócica (4,9 ± 10,1) (diferencias de medias [DM]: -2,7; p = 0,0490), y atípicas (1,7 ± 1,7) (DM: -5,8; p = 0,0111). Amoxicilina fue el fármaco más utilizado (66,3%), con buena evolución en todos los casos. Ingresaron más las víricas (50%) que las atípicas (7,4%; p = 0,0023) o de sospecha neumocócica (12,9%; p = 0,0100). Conclusión: las tendencias epidemiológicas de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en Pediatría parecen cambiantes, especialmente en gérmenes atípicos y virus. Su diagnóstico preciso y el consiguiente abordaje terapéutico continúan siendo un reto por resolver.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: pneumonia is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Its management at the paediatric primary care level is not yet solidly established. Material and methods: we conducted a prospective study in children aged 1 month to 14 years included in the paediatric caseloads of 9 paediatric primary care centres. The aetiological diagnosis was made by means of serology tests and viral testing in nasopharyngeal aspirate samples. We analysed the association of different variables with the aetiology of pneumonia (viral, atypical bacterial and typical bacterial). Results: the study included 92 patients. The mean age (47.58 months) was significantly higher in cases of atypical pneumonia (74.2 ± 42.2) compared to viral pneumonia (36.1 ± 44.5; p <0.0001) and probable typical pneumonia (32.6 ± 21.1; p <0.0001). The distribution by aetiology was 33.7% (95 CI: 24.9 to 43.8) probable pneumococcal, 30.4% (95 CI: 22.0 to 40.5) atypical and 21.7% (95 CI: 14.5 to 31.2) viral. Atypical pneumonia was relatively frequent in children under 5 years (17.1%). Fever (89.1%) and cough (68.4%) were the most frequent symptoms. The most common radiographic feature was alveolar infiltration (53.8%), with no differences between groups. C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in viral cases (7.6 ± 9.5) compared to probable pneumococcal cases (4.9 ± 10.1) (DM: -2.7; p = 0.0490) and atypical cases (1.7 ± 1.7) (DM: -5.83; p = 0.0111). Amoxicillin was the most frequently used antibiotic (66.3%), which achieved favourable outcomes in all types of pneumonia. The frequency of hospital admission was higher in patients with viral pneumonia (50%) compared to atypical (7.4%; p = 0.0023) or probable pneumococcal pneumonia (12.90 %; p = 0.0100). Conclusion: the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the paediatric population is changing, especially when it comes to atypical bacterial and viral causative agents. The aetiological diagnosis and optimal antibiotherapy regimen for pneumonia are goals yet to be achieved.

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          Most cited references28

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          Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children.

          Incidence estimates of hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia among children in the United States that are based on prospective data collection are limited. Updated estimates of pneumonia that has been confirmed radiographically and with the use of current laboratory diagnostic tests are needed.
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            The Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older Than 3 Months of Age: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America

            Abstract Evidenced-based guidelines for management of infants and children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were prepared by an expert panel comprising clinicians and investigators representing community pediatrics, public health, and the pediatric specialties of critical care, emergency medicine, hospital medicine, infectious diseases, pulmonology, and surgery. These guidelines are intended for use by primary care and subspecialty providers responsible for the management of otherwise healthy infants and children with CAP in both outpatient and inpatient settings. Site-of-care management, diagnosis, antimicrobial and adjunctive surgical therapy, and prevention are discussed. Areas that warrant future investigations are also highlighted.
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              Global and regional burden of hospital admissions for severe acute lower respiratory infections in young children in 2010: a systematic analysis

              Summary Background The annual number of hospital admissions and in-hospital deaths due to severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in young children worldwide is unknown. We aimed to estimate the incidence of admissions and deaths for such infections in children younger than 5 years in 2010. Methods We estimated the incidence of admissions for severe and very severe ALRI in children younger than 5 years, stratified by age and region, with data from a systematic review of studies published between Jan 1, 1990, and March 31, 2012, and from 28 unpublished population-based studies. We applied these incidence estimates to population estimates for 2010, to calculate the global and regional burden in children admitted with severe ALRI in that year. We estimated in-hospital mortality due to severe and very severe ALRI by combining incidence estimates with case fatality ratios from hospital-based studies. Findings We identified 89 eligible studies and estimated that in 2010, 11·9 million (95% CI 10·3–13·9 million) episodes of severe and 3·0 million (2·1–4·2 million) episodes of very severe ALRI resulted in hospital admissions in young children worldwide. Incidence was higher in boys than in girls, the sex disparity being greatest in South Asian studies. On the basis of data from 37 hospital studies reporting case fatality ratios for severe ALRI, we estimated that roughly 265 000 (95% CI 160 000–450 000) in-hospital deaths took place in young children, with 99% of these deaths in developing countries. Therefore, the data suggest that although 62% of children with severe ALRI are treated in hospitals, 81% of deaths happen outside hospitals. Interpretation Severe ALRI is a substantial burden on health services worldwide and a major cause of hospital referral and admission in young children. Improved hospital access and reduced inequities, such as those related to sex and rural status, could substantially decrease mortality related to such infection. Community-based management of severe disease could be an important complementary strategy to reduce pneumonia mortality and health inequities. Funding WHO.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1139-7632
                September 2021
                : 23
                : 91
                : 273-283
                Affiliations
                [2] Zaragoza orgnameCentro de Salud Torre Ramona España
                [1] Zaragoza orgnameCentro de Salud Valdespartera-Montecanal España
                [5] Zaragoza orgnameCentro de Salud José Ramon Muñoz Fernández España
                [3] Zaragoza orgnameCentro de Salud Las Fuentes Norte España
                [4] Zaragoza Aragón orgnameUniversidad de Zaragoza orgdiv1Departamento de Pediatría, Radiología y Medicina Física Spain
                Article
                S1139-76322021000300006 S1139-7632(21)02309100006
                4f4a8bde-7d19-4653-a522-bb4c8d64e536

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Spain

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                Paediatrics,Atención Primaria,Primary Care,Pediatría,Neumonía,Pneumonia

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