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      Local varieties of cassava: conservation, cultivation and use in Uganda

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          Abstract

          The study explored the theory that on-farm conservation of cassava germplasm is influenced by farmers’ traditional and cultural preferences of particular varieties. Traditional knowledge practices that are used for on-farm conservation of cassava germplasm as well as cassava attributes for selection were assessed. The findings obtained from the study indicated that farmers use traditional knowledge to select and preserve cassava germplasm for future use. It was also clear that farmers have their preferences such as culinary attributes, storability in the ground, early maturity and cooking quality to mention but a few that influence the decisions taken to retain or abandon cultivation of varieties. Therefore, by planting varieties in multiples plots, replanting immediately after harvesting, sharing with others in the community and planting disease-free materials, farmers ensure that they preserve varieties of interest for decades. The information generated during this study could inform development policies tailored toward ensuring sustainable on-farm conservation of cassava genetic resources.

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          Re-emergence of Cassava Brown Streak Disease in Uganda

          T Alicai, C A Omongo, M. N. Maruthi … (2007)
          During November 2004, veinal chlorosis on mature cassava leaves, typical of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), was observed at Mukono in central Uganda. Five out of 11 cultivars at the site showed CBSD symptoms (incidence range 4 to 64%). In a survey of farmers' fields, CBSD was observed in Wakiso and Mukono districts. Incidence of cassava mosaic disease was also recorded and averaged 60% for landraces (range 16.7 to 100%) and 20% for resistant varieties (range 0 to 65%). Leaf samples of plants with CBSD symptoms produced an amplicon of 222 bp using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers that amplify a fragment of the coat protein (CP) gene of Cassava brown streak virus. Sequence comparisons based on the amplified CP gene fragment indicated that the isolates have 77 to 82.9% nucleotide and 43.9 to 56.8% amino acid identity with those from Mozambique and Tanzania. There was 95.9 to 99.5% nucleotide and 85.1 to 90.5% amino acid identity among the Ugandan isolates. These results confirm the re-emergence of CBSD in Uganda after it was first observed in the 1930s in cassava introduced from Tanzania and controlled by eradication. Prior to this report, CBSD was known to be restricted to the coastal lowlands of East Africa.
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            Local seed systems and their importance for an improved seed supply in developing countries

            C. Almekinders, N. P. Louwaars, G. de Bruijn (1994)
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              Cassava mosaic geminiviruses in Africa.

              J. Legg, C. Fauquet (2004)
              Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) (Geminiviridae:Begomovirus) is undoubtedly the most important constraint to the production of cassava in Africa at the outset of the 21st century. Although the disease was recorded for the first time in the latter part of the 19th century, for much of the intervening period it has been relatively benign in most of the areas where it occurs and has generally been considered to be of minor economic significance. Towards the end of the 20th century, however, the inherent dynamism of the causal viruses was demonstrated, as a recombinant hybrid of the two principal species was identified, initially from Uganda, and shown to be associated with an unusually severe and rapidly spreading epidemic of CMD. Subsequent spread throughout East and Central Africa, the consequent devastation of production of the cassava crop, a key staple in much of this region, and the observation of similar recombination events elsewhere, has once again demonstrated the inherent danger posed to man by the capacity of these viruses to adapt to their environment and optimally exploit their relationships with the whitefly vector, plant host and human cultivator. In this review of cassava mosaic geminiviruses in Africa, we examine each of these relationships, and highlight the ways in which the CMGs have exploited them to their own advantage.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Dev Sustain
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ Dev Sustain
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EDS
                Title: Environment, Development and Sustainability
                Publisher: Springer Nature B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 1387-585X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-2975
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 June 2017
                Publication date (Print): 2018
                Volume: 20
                Pages: 2427-2445
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), P. O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
                [2 ]National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), P.O. Box 295, Entebbe, Uganda
                [3 ]College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: EDS-20-2427
                DOI: 10.1007/s10668-017-9997-6
                PMC ID: 7680943
                PubMed ID: 33312055
                SO-VID: 4f6aca21-eabd-4915-b7a2-c9b4745fcf1d
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017.
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third party material in this article for license information.

                History
                Date received : 08 April 2017
                Date accepted : 21 June 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: on farm,socio-cultural,germplasm,traditional farmer knowledge
                Data availability:
                Keywords: on farm, socio-cultural, germplasm, traditional farmer knowledge

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