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      Heat-processed Panax ginseng and diabetic renal damage: active components and action mechanism

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          Abstract

          Diabetic nephropathy is one of the serious complications in patients with either type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus but current treatments remain unsatisfactory. Results of clinical research studies demonstrate that Panax ginseng can help adjust blood pressure and reduce blood sugar and may be advantageous in the treatment of tuberculosis and kidney damage in people with diabetes. The heat-processing method to strengthen the efficacy of P. ginseng has been well-defined based on a long history of ethnopharmacological evidence. The protective effects of P. ginseng on pathological conditions and renal damage associated with diabetic nephropathy in the animal models were markedly improved by heat-processing. The concentrations of less-polar ginsenosides (20( S)-Rg3, 20( R)-Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1) and maltol in P. ginseng were significantly increased in a heat-processing temperature-dependent manner. Based on researches in animal models of diabetes, ginsenoside 20( S)-Rg3 and maltol were evaluated to have therapeutic potential against diabetic renal damage. These effects were achieved through the inhibition of inflammatory pathway activated by oxidative stress and advanced glycation endproducts. These findings indicate that ginsenoside 20( S)-Rg3 and maltol are important bioactive constituents of heat-processed ginseng in the control of pathological conditions associated with diabetic nephropathy.

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          Most cited references76

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          Natural medicines used in the traditional Chinese medical system for therapy of diabetes mellitus.

          The rapidly increasing diabetes mellitus is becoming a serious threat to mankind health in all parts of the world. The control and treatment of diabetes and its complications mainly depend on the chemical or biochemical agents, but the fact is that it has never been reported that someone had recovered totally from diabetes. With the distinctive traditional medical opinions and natural medicines mainly originated in herbs, the traditional Chinese medicine performed a good clinical practice and is showing a bright future in the therapy of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Based on a large number of chemical and pharmacological research work, numerous bioactive compounds have been found in Chinese medicinal plants for diabetes. The present paper reviews 86 natural medicines with regards to their origin, anti-diabetic active principles and/or pharmacological test results, which are commonly used in the traditional Chinese medical system and have demonstrated experimental or/and clinical anti-diabetic effectiveness. Among these natural medicines, 82 originate from plants and 4 from animals or insects, which covers 45 families. It is strongly significant to pay close attention to traditional Chinese medical therapeutics and natural medicines for treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Copyright 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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            Spontaneous long-term hyperglycemic rat with diabetic complications. Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) strain.

            A spontaneously diabetic rat with polyuria, polydipsia, and mild obesity was discovered in 1984 in an outbred colony of Long-Evans rats, which had been purchased from Charles River Canada (St. Constant, Quebec, Canada) in 1982. A strain of rats developed from this rat by selective breeding has since been maintained at the Tokushima Research Institute (Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan) and named OLETF. The characteristic features of OLETF rats are 1) late onset of hyperglycemia (after 18 wk of age); 2) a chronic course of disease; 3) mild obesity; 4) inheritance by males; 5) hyperplastic foci of pancreatic islets; and 6) renal complication (nodular lesions). Histologically, the changes of pancreatic islets can be classified into three stages: 1) an early stage (6-20 wk of age) of cellular infiltration and degeneration; 2) a hyperplastic stage (20-40 wk of age); and 3) a final stage (at > 40 wk of age). These clinical and pathological features of disease in OLETF rats resemble those of human NIDDM.
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              Diabetes associated cell stress and dysfunction: role of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial ROS production and activity.

              It is now widely accepted, given the current weight of experimental evidence, that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to cell and tissue dysfunction and damage caused by glucolipotoxicity in diabetes. The source of ROS in the insulin secreting pancreatic beta-cells and in the cells which are targets for insulin action has been considered to be the mitochondrial electron transport chain. While this source is undoubtably important, we provide additional information and evidence for NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS both in pancreatic beta-cells and in insulin sensitive cells. While mitochondrial ROS generation may be important for regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) activity and thus disruption of cellular energy metabolism, the NADPH oxidase associated ROS may alter parameters of signal transduction, insulin secretion, insulin action and cell proliferation or cell death. Thus NADPH oxidase may be a useful target for intervention strategies based on reversing the negative impact of glucolipotoxicity in diabetes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Ginseng Res
                J Ginseng Res
                JGR
                Journal of Ginseng Research
                The Korean Society of Ginseng
                1226-8453
                2093-4947
                October 2013
                : 37
                : 4
                : 379-388
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Natural Medicine Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 210-340, Korea
                [2 ]Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
                [3 ]Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding authors E-mail: kkang@ 123456kist.re.kr Tel: +82-33-650-3512, Fax: +82-33-650-3529 E-mail: nonyama77350@ 123456msn.com Tel: +82-51-510-2837, Fax: +82-51-583-3648, Edited by Sung Hyun Chung, Kyung Hee University, Korea
                Article
                grosbr-37-379
                10.5142/jgr.2013.37.379
                3825853
                24233065
                4f8a2998-68d7-44c5-bf43-7dff19cc3280
                Copyright ©2013, The Korean Society of Ginseng

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 26 February 2013
                : 26 July 2013
                : 26 July 2013
                Categories
                Articles

                panax ginseng,heat-processing,20(s)-rg3,advanced glycation endproducts,free radical

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