Escore de cálcio coronariano prediz estenose e eventos na insuficiência renal crônica pré-transplante

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Abstract

FUNDAMENTO: A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é a principal causa de óbito em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC). Os exames não invasivos tradicionais para detecção de DAC e predição de eventos têm apresentado resultados insuficientes nesse grupo. A avaliação do escore de cálcio coronariano (ECC) por tomografia computadorizada tem comprovado valor prognóstico na população sem doença renal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia do ECC para detectar DAC obstrutiva e prever eventos cardiovasculares em candidatos a transplante renal comparada à angiografia coronariana invasiva (ACI) quantitativa. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 97 pacientes com IRC e idade > 35anos. Foi considerada DAC obstrutiva a presença de estenose >50% ou >70% pela ACI. Dados descritivos, concordância, testes diagnósticos, Kaplan-Meier e análise multivariada foram utilizados. RESULTADOS: O escore de Agatston médio foi de 580,6 ± 1.102,2; os valores mínimos e máximos foram 0 e 7.994, e mediana de 176. Apenas 14 pacientes tinham escore de cálcio de zero. Não houve diferenças entre as etnias e a maior presença de cálcio regional associou-se a maior probabilidade de estenose coronária no mesmo segmento. O escore de cálcio de Agatston apresentou boa acurácia para o diagnóstico de estenose, >50% e >70% com área sob a curva ROC de 0,75 e 0,70, respectivamente. No limiar de 400, o escore de cálcio identificou o subgrupo com maior taxa de eventos cardiovasculares em tempo médio de seguimento de 29,1±11,0 meses. CONCLUSÃO: O ECC na avaliação de DAC apresentou boa performance diagnóstica e prognóstica para eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC).

Translated abstract

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of death among chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. Traditional, non-invasive exams to detect CAD and to predict events have shown insufficient results in this group. CT Scan evaluation of Coronary Calcium Score (CCS) has proven to be of prognostic value for the population reporting no renal condition. OBJECTIVE: To investigate CCS accuracy in detecting obstructive CAD and in predicting cardiovascular events in candidates to renal transplant as compared to quantitative invasive coronary angiography (ICA). METHODS: Ninety-seven (97) CRF patients aged > 35 were evaluated. Obstructive CAD was considered as >50% or >70% stenosis on ICA. Descriptive data, concordance, diagnostic tests, Kaplan-Meier, and multivariate analysis were used. RESULTS: Agatston mean score was 580.6 ± 1,102.2. Minimum and maximum values were 0 and 7,994, with median at 176. Only 14 patients had zero calcium score. No differences were reported in regard to ethnicity. Highest regional calcium was associated to the highest probability of coronary stenosis in the same segment. Agatston calcium score showed high accuracy for the diagnosis of >50% and >70% stenosis, with area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.75 and 0.70, respectively. At the threshold of 400, calcium score identified a subgroup with a higher rate of cardiovascular events at an average follow-up time of 29±11.0 months. CONCLUSION: CCS proved to have good diagnostic and prognostic performance for cardiovascular events evaluation in CRF patients.

Translated abstract

FUNDAMENTO: La enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC) es la principal causa de óbito en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC). Los exámenes no invasivos tradicionales para detección de EAC y predicción de eventos vienen presentando resultados insuficientes en este grupo. La evaluación del score de calcio coronario (SCC) por tomografía computarizada ha estado comprobando valor pronóstico en la población sin enfermedad renal. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la exactitud del SCC para detectar EAC obstructiva y prever eventos cardiovasculares en candidatos a trasplante renal comparada a la angiografía coronaria invasiva (ACI) cuantitativa. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron a 97 pacientes con IRC y edad > 35 años. Se consideró como EAC obstructiva la presencia de estenosis > 50% o > 70% por la ACI. Datos descriptivos, concordancia, pruebas diagnósticas, Kaplan-Meier y análisis multivariado se utilizaron. RESULTADOS: El score de Agatston promedio fue de 580,6 ± 1.102,2; los valores mínimos y máximos fueron 0 y 7.994, y mediana de 176. Solamente 14 pacientes tenían score de calcio de cero. No hubo diferencias entre las etnias y la mayor presencia de calcio regional se asoció a la mayor probabilidad de estenosis coronaria en el mismo segmento. El score de calcio de Agatston presentó buena exactitud para el diagnóstico de estenosis, > 50% y > 70% con área bajo la curva ROC de 0,75 y 0,70, respectivamente. En el umbral de 400, el score de calcio identificó el subgrupo con mayor tasa de eventos cardiovasculares en tiempo promedio de seguimiento de 29,1 ± 11,0 meses. CONCLUSIÓN: El SCC en la evaluación de EAC presentó una buena performance diagnóstica y pronostica para eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC).

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Most cited references 31

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Prevalence and predictors of cardiovascular calcium in chronic kidney disease (from the Prospective Longitudinal RRI-CKD Study).

Sanjay Rajagopalan, Javier Sanz, Xiaotong Zhang … (2006)

Although the determinants of cardiovascular calcium have been well described in dialysis patients, the prevalence and predictors in predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) are less known. One hundred six patients with CKD from the Renal Research Institute-CKD Study underwent multidetector computed tomography for the assessment of calcium deposition at the level of coronary arteries, thoracic aorta, aortic valve, and mitral valve. Cardiovascular risk factors and renal function-related parameters (glomerular filtration rate, glomerular filtration rate slope, serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen, hemoglobin, albumin, calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone) were included in multivariate regression models to predict cardiovascular calcium. Prevalences of calcium deposition at the level of coronary arteries, thoracic aorta, aortic valve, and mitral valve were 69%, 46%, 39%, and 16%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, coronary artery calcium score was predicted by age (p < 0.0001), gender (p = 0.0001), diabetes (p = 0.024), and history of coronary artery disease (p = 0.016), but not by renal function related parameters. Similarly, renal function related parameters were not predictive of aortic or valvular calcium. In conclusion, predialysis CKD is associated with a high prevalence of cardiovascular calcium. The extent of cardiovascular calcium in patients with predialysis CKD is related to some of the traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis but not to indexes of abnormal renal function or progression in renal dysfunction.

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Prospective risk stratification in renal transplant candidates for cardiac death.

Amanda W Le, Richard Wilson, Karen Douek … (1994)

In previous studies to predict future cardiac death of patients undergoing evaluation for renal transplantation, noninvasive or invasive testing of all, or nearly all, patients has been used. In an attempt to decrease the cost of cardiac risk assessment, we prospectively used a two-tiered cardiac risk assessment algorithm on 189 consecutive patients referred for renal transplant evaluation. First, patients were stratified by clinical characteristics of age > or = 50 years, history of angina, insulin-dependent diabetes, congestive heart failure, or abnormal electrocardiogram (excluding left ventricular hypertrophy). Patients having none of these risk factors (n = 94) were considered at low risk for cardiac events and underwent no further cardiac evaluation. Patients with one or more of the cardiac risk factors (n = 95) were considered to be in a high-risk group and were required to undergo further evaluation with thallium myocardial scintigraphy. Follow-up of patients was for 46 +/- 16 months. Cardiac mortality was significantly higher in the clinical high-risk group compared with the clinical low-risk group (17% v 1%, respectively; P < 0.001). Further cardiac risk stratification was evident by thallium myocardial scintigraphy. Patients with reversible thallium defects had significantly higher cardiac mortality rates than patients with no thallium defects (23% v 5%, respectively; P < 0.05). Fixed thallium defects also had predictive value for cardiac mortality (29%,; P < 0.05), but deaths in this fixed defect group tended to occur later in the follow-up period. The initial clinical stratification obviated the need for further noninvasive or invasive testing in nearly half of the renal transplant candidates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)