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      Transient marine euxinia at the end of the terminal Cryogenian glaciation

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          Abstract

          Termination of the terminal Cryogenian Marinoan snowball Earth glaciation (~650–635 Ma) is associated with the worldwide deposition of a cap carbonate. Modeling studies suggest that, during and immediately following deglaciation, the ocean may have experienced a rapid rise in pH and physical stratification followed by oceanic overturn. Testing these predictions requires the establishment of a high-resolution sequence of events within sedimentary records. Here we report the conspicuous occurrence of pyrite concretions in the topmost Nantuo Formation (South China) that was deposited in the Marinoan glacial deposits. Sedimentary facies and sulfur isotope data indicate pyrite precipitation in the sediments with H 2S diffusing from the overlying sulfidic/euxinic seawater and Fe (II) from diamictite sediments. These observations suggest a transient but widespread presence of marine euxinia in an ocean characterized by redox stratification, high bioproductivity, and high-fluxes of sulfate from chemical weathering before the deposition of the cap carbonate.

          Abstract

          The termination of the Marinoan snowball Earth event marks one of the most drastic transitions in Earth history, but the oceanic response remains unclear. Here, the authors’ integrated analysis demonstrates that the ocean experienced transient but widespread euxinia following this Snowball Earth event.

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          A neoproterozoic snowball earth

          Negative carbon isotope anomalies in carbonate rocks bracketing Neoproterozoic glacial deposits in Namibia, combined with estimates of thermal subsidence history, suggest that biological productivity in the surface ocean collapsed for millions of years. This collapse can be explained by a global glaciation (that is, a snowball Earth), which ended abruptly when subaerial volcanic outgassing raised atmospheric carbon dioxide to about 350 times the modern level. The rapid termination would have resulted in a warming of the snowball Earth to extreme greenhouse conditions. The transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the ocean would result in the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in warm surface waters, producing the cap carbonate rocks observed globally.
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            The snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change

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              Declining coral calcification on the Great Barrier Reef.

              Reef-building corals are under increasing physiological stress from a changing climate and ocean absorption of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. We investigated 328 colonies of massive Porites corals from 69 reefs of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in Australia. Their skeletal records show that throughout the GBR, calcification has declined by 14.2% since 1990, predominantly because extension (linear growth) has declined by 13.3%. The data suggest that such a severe and sudden decline in calcification is unprecedented in at least the past 400 years. Calcification increases linearly with increasing large-scale sea surface temperature but responds nonlinearly to annual temperature anomalies. The causes of the decline remain unknown; however, this study suggests that increasing temperature stress and a declining saturation state of seawater aragonite may be diminishing the ability of GBR corals to deposit calcium carbonate.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                bingshen@pku.edu.cn
                yongbopeng@gmail.com
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                1 August 2018
                1 August 2018
                2018
                : 9
                : 3019
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2256 9319, GRID grid.11135.37, Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, MOE, School of Earth and Space Science, , Peking University, ; Beijing, 100871 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000000119573309, GRID grid.9227.e, State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Nanjing, 210008 China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0662 7451, GRID grid.64337.35, Department of Geology and Geophysics, , Louisiana State University, ; Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9833 2433, GRID grid.412514.7, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, , Shanghai Ocean University, ; Shanghai, 201306 China
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0694 4940, GRID grid.438526.e, Department of Geosciences, , Virginia Tech, ; Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
                [6 ]ISNI 0000000119573309, GRID grid.9227.e, CAS Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Paleogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Nanjing, 210008 China
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0941 7177, GRID grid.164295.d, Department of Geology, , University of Maryland, ; College Park, MD 20742 USA
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1761 5538, GRID grid.412262.1, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, , Northwest University, ; Xi’an, 710069 China
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8649, GRID grid.14709.3b, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, , McGill University, ; Montreal, H3A0E8 Canada
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0604 7563, GRID grid.13992.30, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, , Weizmann Institute of Science, ; Rehovot, 76100 Israel
                [11 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2097 5006, GRID grid.16750.35, Department of Geoscience, , Princeton University, ; Princeton, 08544 USA
                [12 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2256 9319, GRID grid.11135.37, Department of Atmosphere and Ocean Sciences, School of Physics, , Peking University, ; Beijing, 100871 China
                [13 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2151 2636, GRID grid.215654.1, School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, , Arizona State University, ; Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-4139
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4655-2663
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4129-6445
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-2185
                Article
                5423
                10.1038/s41467-018-05423-x
                6070556
                30068999
                4fea8f8a-2218-478a-a2b8-590b2dd58c8a
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 24 January 2018
                : 29 June 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China);
                Award ID: 41322021
                Award Recipient :
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