Confirming the attainment of maximal oxygen uptake within special and clinical groups: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiopulmonary exercise test and verification phase protocols

Abstract

Background and aim

A plateau in oxygen uptake (

) during an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to volitional exhaustion appears less likely to occur in special and clinical populations. Secondary maximal oxygen uptake (

) criteria have been shown to commonly underestimate the actual

. The verification phase protocol might determine the occurrence of ‘true’

in these populations. The primary aim of the current study was to systematically review and provide a meta-analysis on the suitability of the verification phase for confirming ‘true’

in special and clinical groups. Secondary aims were to explore the applicability of the verification phase according to specific participant characteristics and investigate which test protocols and procedures minimise the differences between the highest

values attained in the CPET and verification phase.

Methods

Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and EMBASE) were searched using specific search strategies and relevant data were extracted from primary studies. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were systematically reviewed. Meta-analysis techniques were applied to quantify weighted mean differences (standard deviations) in peak

from a CPET and a verification phase within study groups using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses investigated the differences in

according to individual characteristics and test protocols. The methodological quality of the included primary studies was assessed using a modified Downs and Black checklist to obtain a level of evidence. Participant-level

data were analysed according to the threshold criteria reported by the studies or the inherent measurement error of the metabolic analysers and displayed as Bland-Altman plots.

Results

Forty-three studies were included in the systematic review, whilst 30 presented quantitative information for meta-analysis. Within the 30 studies, the highest mean

values attained in the CPET and verification phase protocols were similar (mean difference = -0.00 [95% confidence intervals, CI = -0.03 to 0.03] L·min ^-1, p = 0.87; level of evidence, LoE: strong). The specific clinical groups with sufficient primary studies to be meta-analysed showed a similar

between the CPET and verification phase ( p > 0.05, LoE: limited to strong). Across all 30 studies,

was not affected by differences in test protocols ( p > 0.05; LoE: moderate to strong). Only 23 (53.5%) of the 43 reviewed studies reported how many participants achieved a lower, equal, or higher

value in the verification phase versus the CPET or reported or supplied participant-level

data for this information to be obtained. The percentage of participants that achieved a lower, equal, or higher

value in the verification phase was highly variable across studies (e.g. the percentage that achieved a higher

in the verification phase ranged from 0% to 88.9%).

Conclusion

Group-level verification phase data appear useful for confirming a specific CPET protocol likely elicited

, or a reproducible

, for a given special or clinical group. Participant-level data might be useful for confirming whether specific participants have likely elicited

, or a reproducible

, however, more research reporting participant-level data is required before evidence-based guidelines can be given.

Trial registration

PROSPERO ( CRD42021247658) https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero.