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      A meta-analytical answer to the crisis of confidence of psychology Translated title: Una respuesta meta-analítica a la crisis de confianza de la psicología

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          Abstract

          Abstract Meta-analysis is a firmly established methodology and an integral part of the process of generating knowledge across the empirical sciences. Meta-analysis has also focused on methodology and has become a dominant critic of methodological shortcomings. We highlight several problematic issues on how we research in psychology: excess of heterogeneity in the results and difficulties for replication, publication bias, suboptimal methodological quality, and questionable practices of the researchers. These and other problems led to a “crisis of confidence” in psychology. We discuss how the meta-analytical perspective and its procedures can help to overcome the crisis. A more cooperative perspective, instead of a competitive one, can shift to consider replication as a more valuable contribution. Knowledge cannot be based in isolated studies. Given the nature of the object of study of psychology, the natural unit to generate knowledge must be the estimated distribution of the effect sizes, not the dichotomous decision on statistical significance in specific studies. We make some suggestions on how to redirect the research and the researchers' practices, so that their personal interests and those of science as such are better aligned.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen El meta-análisis es una metodología firmemente establecida y una parte integral del proceso de generación de conocimiento en las ciencias empíricas. El meta-análisis también se ha centrado en la metodología y se ha convertido en uno de los principales críticos de las deficiencias metodológicas. Destacamos varios puntos problemáticos sobre cómo investigamos en psicología: exceso de heterogeneidad en los resultados y dificultades para la replicación, sesgo de publicación, calidad metodológica sub-óptima y prácticas cuestionables de los investigadores. Estos y otros problemas condujeron a una "crisis de confianza" en psicología. Discutimos cómo la perspectiva meta-analítica y sus procedimientos pueden ayudar a afrontar la crisis. Una perspectiva más cooperativa, en lugar de competitiva, puede ayudar a cambiar para que consideremos la replicación como una contribución más valiosa. El conocimiento no puede basarse en estudios aislados. Dada la naturaleza del objeto de estudio de la psicología la unidad natural para generar conocimiento debe ser la distribución estimada del tamaño del efecto, no la decisión dicotómica sobre la significación estadística en estudios específicos. Se ofrecen algunas sugerencias sobre cómo redirigir la investigación y las prácticas de los investigadores, de modo que sus intereses personales y los de la ciencia en sí estén más alineados.

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          Most cited references29

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          The new statistics: why and how.

          We need to make substantial changes to how we conduct research. First, in response to heightened concern that our published research literature is incomplete and untrustworthy, we need new requirements to ensure research integrity. These include prespecification of studies whenever possible, avoidance of selection and other inappropriate data-analytic practices, complete reporting, and encouragement of replication. Second, in response to renewed recognition of the severe flaws of null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST), we need to shift from reliance on NHST to estimation and other preferred techniques. The new statistics refers to recommended practices, including estimation based on effect sizes, confidence intervals, and meta-analysis. The techniques are not new, but adopting them widely would be new for many researchers, as well as highly beneficial. This article explains why the new statistics are important and offers guidance for their use. It describes an eight-step new-statistics strategy for research with integrity, which starts with formulation of research questions in estimation terms, has no place for NHST, and is aimed at building a cumulative quantitative discipline.
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            The Rules of the Game Called Psychological Science.

            If science were a game, a dominant rule would probably be to collect results that are statistically significant. Several reviews of the psychological literature have shown that around 96% of papers involving the use of null hypothesis significance testing report significant outcomes for their main results but that the typical studies are insufficiently powerful for such a track record. We explain this paradox by showing that the use of several small underpowered samples often represents a more efficient research strategy (in terms of finding p < .05) than does the use of one larger (more powerful) sample. Publication bias and the most efficient strategy lead to inflated effects and high rates of false positives, especially when researchers also resorted to questionable research practices, such as adding participants after intermediate testing. We provide simulations that highlight the severity of such biases in meta-analyses. We consider 13 meta-analyses covering 281 primary studies in various fields of psychology and find indications of biases and/or an excess of significant results in seven. These results highlight the need for sufficiently powerful replications and changes in journal policies.
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              Null hypothesis significance testing: a review of an old and continuing controversy.

              Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) is arguably the most widely used approach to hypothesis evaluation among behavioral and social scientists. It is also very controversial. A major concern expressed by critics is that such testing is misunderstood by many of those who use it. Several other objections to its use have also been raised. In this article the author reviews and comments on the claimed misunderstandings as well as on other criticisms of the approach, and he notes arguments that have been advanced in support of NHST. Alternatives and supplements to NHST are considered, as are several related recommendations regarding the interpretation of experimental data. The concluding opinion is that NHST is easily misunderstood and misused but that when applied with good judgment it can be an effective aid to the interpretation of experimental data.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ap
                Anales de Psicología
                Anal. Psicol.
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Murcia, Spain )
                0212-9728
                1695-2294
                2019
                : 35
                : 2
                : 350-356
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameCentro Universitario Cardenal Cisneros Spain
                [1] Madrid orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Spain
                Article
                S0212-97282019000200020
                10.6018/analesps.35.2.345291
                50064fb1-c108-4f1a-a998-5076be50ac89

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 January 2019
                : 09 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Methodology

                Prácticas cuestionables,Tamaño del efecto,Crisis de confianza,Meta-análisis,Questionable practices,Effect size,Crisis of confidence,Meta-analysis

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