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      Maternal and congenital syphilis in Bolivia, 1996: prevalence and risk factors Translated title: Syphilis maternelle et congénitale en Bolivie, 1996: prévalence et facteurs de risque Translated title: Sífilis materna y congénita en Bolivia, 1996: prevalencia y factores de riesgo

      research-article
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      Bulletin of the World Health Organization
      World Health Organization
      syphilis, congenital, syphilis, congenital, fetal death, infant mortality, pregnancy complications, syphilis serodiagnosis, fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test, Bolivia, syphilis congénitale, syphilis congénitale, syphilis, sérodiagnostic, mort fœtale, mortalité du nourrisson, complications de la grossesse, test FTA-ABS, facteurs socio-économiques, Bolivie, sífilis congénita, sífilis congénita, muerte fetal, mortalidad infantil, complicaciones infecciosas del embarazo, serodiagnóstico de la sífilis, test de absorción del anticuerpo fluorescente de treponema, factores socioeconómicos, Bolivia

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVES: The present study was carried out in seven maternity hospitals to determine the prevalence of maternal syphilis at the time of delivery and the associated risk factors, to conduct a pilot project of rapid syphilis testing in hospital laboratories, to assure the quality of syphilis testing, and to determine the rate of congenital syphilis in infants born to women with syphilis at the time of delivery - all of which would provide baseline data for a national prevention programme in Bolivia. METHODS: All women delivering either live-born or stillborn infants in the seven participating hospitals in and around La Paz, El Alto, and Cochabamba between June and November 1996 were eligible for enrolment in the study. FINDINGS: A total of 61 out of 1428 mothers (4.3%) of live-born infants and 11 out of 43 mothers (26%) of stillborn infants were found to have syphilis at delivery. Multivariate analysis showed that women with live-born infants who had less than secondary-level education, who did not watch television during the week before delivery (this was used as an indicator of socioeconomic status), who had a previous history of syphilis, or who had more than one partner during the pregnancy were at increased risk of syphilis. While 76% of the study population had received prenatal care, only 17% had syphilis testing carried out during the pregnancy; 91% of serum samples that were reactive to rapid plasma reagin (RPR) tests were also reactive to fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) testing. There was 96% agreement between the results from local hospital laboratories and national reference laboratories in their testing of RPR reactivity of serum samples. Congenital syphilis infection was confirmed by laboratory tests in 15% of 66 infants born to women with positive RPR and FTA-ABS testing. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a congenital syphilis prevention programme in Bolivia could substantially reduce adverse infant outcomes due to this disease.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: La présente étude a été réalisée dans sept maternités en vue de déterminer la prévalence de la syphilis maternelle au moment de l’accouchement et les facteurs de risque associés, d’entreprendre un projet pilote de dépistage rapide de la syphilis dans les laboratoires hospitaliers, d’assurer la qualité des tests sérologiques et de déterminer le taux de syphilis congénitale chez les nourrissons dont la mère était atteinte de syphilis au moment de l’accouchement, tous éléments qui constitueront les données de base d’un programme national de prévention en Bolivie. MÉTHODES: Toutes les femmes ayant mis au monde un enfant vivant ou mort-né dans les sept hôpitaux participants à La Paz, El Alto et Cochabamba, ou àproximité, entre juin et novembre 1996 répondaient aux critères de recrutement de l’étude. RÉSULTATS: Au total, 61 mères sur 1428 (4,3 %) ayant donné naissance à un enfant vivant et 11 mères sur 43 (26 %) ayant eu un enfant mort-né étaient atteintes de syphilis au moment de l’accouchement. Une analyse multivariée a montré que parmi les femmes ayant donné naissance à un enfant vivant, celles qui n’avaient suivi qu’une scolarité primaire et qui n’avaient pas regardé la télévision pendant la semaine précé dant l’accouchement (facteur utilisé comme indicateur du niveau socio- économique) et celles qui avaient des antécédents de syphilis ou qui avaient eu plus d’un partenaire pendant la grossesse avaient un risque plus élevé de syphilis. Alors que 76% des femmes participant à l’étude avaient reçu des soins prénatals, seules 17% avaient fait l’objet d’un dépistage sérologique de la syphilis pendant la grossesse ; 91% des échantillons de sérum positifs pour le test RPR (test rapide à la réagine) étaient également positifs pour le test FTA-ABS (détection des anticorps spécifiques de tréponème par immunofluorescence indirecte). Les résultats des tests RPR effectués sur les échantillons de sérum dans les laboratoires hospitaliers et les laboratoires nationaux de référence étaient concordants à 96%. La présence d’une syphilis congénitale a été confirmée par les tests de laboratoire chez 15%des 66 nourrissons dont la mère avait un RPR et un FTA-ABS positifs. CONCLUSION: Ces résultats indiquent qu’un programme de prévention de la syphilis congénitale en Bolivie pourrait réduire sensiblement les graves conséquences de cette maladie chez le nourrisson.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en siete maternidades con miras a determinar la prevalencia de sífilis materna en el momento del parto y los factores de riesgo asociados, evaluar un proyecto piloto de prueba rápida para la sífilis en los laboratorios de hospitales, asegurar la calidad de las pruebas de la sífilis, y determinar la tasa de sífilis congénita entre los lactantes nacidos de mujeres con sífilis, todo lo cual había de proporcionar datos basales para un programa nacional de prevención de la enfermedad en Bolivia. MÉTODOS: Se decidió utilizar como muestra de partida para el estudio a todas las mujeres que dieran a luz (incluidos mortinatos) en los siete hospitales participantes, situados en o cerca de La Paz, El Alto y Cochabamba, entre junio y noviembre de 1996. RESULTADOS: Se detectó sífilis en el momento del parto en 61 de 1428 madres (4,3%) de niños nacidos vivos, y en 11 de 43 madres (26%) de mortinatos. El análisis multifactorial reveló que, entre las primeras, presentaban más riesgo de sífilis aquellas que no habían llegado a recibir educación secundaria, que no habían dispuesto de televisión durante la semana anterior al parto (indicador de la situación socioeconómica) y que tenían antecedentes de sífilis o se habían relacionado con más de una pareja durante el embarazo. Si bien un 76% de la población estudiada había recibido atención prenatal, sólo un 17% se había sometido a la prueba de la sífilis durante el embarazo; el 91% de las muestras de suero que dieron positivo en la RPR (prueba rápida de reaginas) también fueron positivas en la prueba FTA-ABS (detección por fluorescencia de anticuerpos antitreponema absorbidos). Se registró una concordancia del 96% entre los resultados de los laboratorios de los hospitales locales y los laboratorios de referencia nacionales en lo que respecta a la prueba RPR con muestras séricas. La sífilis congénita se vio confirmada por los análisis de laboratorio en un 15% de los 66 niños nacidos de mujeres con resultados positivos en las pruebas RPR y FTA-ABS. CONCLUSIÓN: Estos resultados indican que la aplicación de un programa de prevención de la sífilis congénita en Bolivia podría reducir sustancialmente los pronósticos negativos por esa causa entre los lactantes.

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          Most cited references41

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          Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial.

          The AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 076 zidovudine prophylaxis regimen for HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their babies has been associated with a significant decrease in vertical HIV-1 transmission in non-breastfeeding women in developed countries. We compared the safety and efficacy of short-course nevirapine or zidovudine during labour and the first week of life. From November, 1997, to April, 1999, we enrolled 626 HIV-1-infected pregnant women at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. We randomly assigned mothers nevirapine 200 mg orally at onset of labour and 2 mg/kg to babies within 72 h of birth, or zidovudine 600 mg orally to the mother at onset of labour and 300 mg every 3 h until delivery, and 4 mg/kg orally twice daily to babies for 7 days after birth. We tested babies for HIV-1 infection at birth, 6-8 weeks, and 14-16 weeks by HIV-1 RNA PCR. We assessed HIV-1 transmission and HIV-1-free survival with Kaplan-Meier analysis. Nearly all babies (98.8%) were breastfed, and 95.6% were still breastfeeding at age 14-16 weeks. The estimated risks of HIV-1 transmission in the zidovudine and nevirapine groups were: 10.4% and 8.2% at birth (p=0.354); 21.3% and 11.9% by age 6-8 weeks (p=0.0027); and 25.1% and 13.1% by age 14-16 weeks (p=0.0006). The efficacy of nevirapine compared with zidovudine was 47% (95% CI 20-64) up to age 14-16 weeks. The two regimens were well tolerated and adverse events were similar in the two groups. Nevirapine lowered the risk of HIV-1 transmission during the first 14-16 weeks of life by nearly 50% in a breastfeeding population. This simple and inexpensive regimen could decrease mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in less-developed countries.
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            Syphilis intervention in pregnancy: Zambian demonstration project.

            Despite availability of simpler serologic tests for syphilis and near cure with penicillin, unacceptably high prevalence of infectious maternal syphilis exist in many developing countries, including Zambia. It is the foremost risk factor for mid-trimester abortions, stillbirths, prematurity and morbidity and mortality among infants born with congenital syphilis in Zambia. An intervention project was conducted in Lusaka aimed at demonstrating the effectiveness of new health education methods and prenatal screening for syphilis in reducing the adverse outcomes during pregnancy. During pre-intervention phase, approximately 150 consecutive pregnant women from each of the three study and the three control centres were recruited when they presented in labour at the University Teaching Hospital. The intervention phase lasted for one year at the three study centres during which new methods of health education were introduced to improve early attendances during pregnancy. Also, on-site syphilis screening was performed twice during pregnancy and seroreactive women, and in many cases their sexual partners, were treated by the existing prenatal clinic staff. During the post-intervention phase the steps of pre-intervention phase were repeated to evaluate the impact of intervention. Overall, 8.0% of women were confirmed seroreactive for syphilis; there was no difference between the study and the control centres (p greater than 0.05). Fifty seven percent (132/230) of syphilitic pregnancies ended with an adverse outcome, that is, abortion (RR 5.0), stillbirth (RR 3.6), prematurity (RR 2.6) and low birth weight (RR 7.8). The overall risk of adverse outcomes due to syphilis was 8.29 (95% confidence interval 6.53, 10.53). The new methods of health education were effective and the percentage of women who had their first prenatal visit under 16 weeks of gestation improved from 9.4 to 42.5. Although screening and treatment during intervention was suboptimal, the adverse outcomes attributable to syphilis were reduced to 28.3%; this is almost a two-third reduction when compared with 72.4% of adverse outcomes at control centres (p < less than 0.001). The intervention is culturally and politically acceptable in Zambia. The cost of each prenatal screening is US$0.60 and of averting each adverse outcome US$12. In countries with high rates of syphilis, there is an urgent need for STD control and Maternal and Child Health (MCH) programmes to pool their resources together to revitalise the prenatal care.
              • Record: found
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              Pregnancy loss, infant death, and suffering: legacy of syphilis and gonorrhoea in Africa.

              Africa in the 1980s appears to be facing problems associated with syphilis and gonorrhoea during pregnancy similar in severity and magnitude to those faced by the western world in the early 1900s. From a review of published reports, the prevalence of syphilis seroreactivity in pregnant women in many parts of Africa is at least 10%. Assuming this level of seroreactivity, we estimate that 5% to 8% of all pregnancies surviving past 12 weeks will have an adverse outcome caused by syphilis, such as spontaneous abortion, perinatal or infant death, or a living infant with syphilis. Our findings on gonorrhoea during pregnancy are almost as startling. The prevalence of gonorrhoea in pregnant women in many parts of Africa is at least 10% and it approaches 20% in some areas. The incidence of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in neonates appears to be between 2% and 4%. We recommend commitment of health resources to initiatives to prevent and control sexually transmitted disease in Africa and additional research into the cost effectiveness of different prevention and control approaches.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                2001
                : 79
                : 1
                : 33-42
                Affiliations
                [04] Cochabamba orgnameUniversidad Mayor de San Simon Bolivia
                [01] Atlanta GA orgnameUS Centers for Disease Prevention USA
                [03] La Paz orgnameINLASA-Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud - ‘‘Nestor Morales Villazon’’ Bolivia
                [02] La Paz orgnameMotherCare Bolivia
                Article
                S0042-96862001000100008 S0042-9686(01)07900108
                50368285-973d-401d-b4e5-5547923b49fe

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 10
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                SciELO Public Health

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                syphilis, congenital,Bolivie,syphilis serodiagnosis,syphilis, sérodiagnostic,sífilis congénita,pregnancy complications,mort fœtale,mortalité du nourrisson,muerte fetal,fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test,complications de la grossesse,Bolivia,mortalidad infantil,test FTA-ABS,complicaciones infecciosas del embarazo,facteurs socio-économiques,syphilis congénitale,serodiagnóstico de la sífilis,fetal death,test de absorción del anticuerpo fluorescente de treponema,factores socioeconómicos,infant mortality

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