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      Does trauma-focused psychotherapy change the brain? A systematic review of neural correlates of therapeutic gains in PTSD Translated title: ¿La psicoterapia centrada en el trauma cambia el cerebro? - Una revisión sistemática de los correlatos neurales de los beneficios terapéuticos en el TEPT Translated title: 聚焦创伤心理疗法会改变大脑吗?——对PTSD中治疗效果神经相关性的系统综述

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          ABSTRACT

          Background

          Meta-analytic results indicate that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with hypoactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hyperactivation of the amygdala, and volume reductions of the hippocampus. Effective psychotherapeutic treatments were hypothesized to normalize these neural patterns via upregulation of prefrontal structures, which in turn downregulate limbic regions.

          Objective

          To gain a sound understanding of the effects of successful psychotherapy on the brain, neural changes from pre- to post-treatment in PTSD patients will be aggregated.

          Method

          A systematic literature search identified 24 original studies employing structural or functional MRI measurements both before and after treatment of patients diagnosed with PTSD.

          Results

          In conjunction, the review returned little evidence of an activation increase in the mPFC/rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) following successful treatment. Five out of 12 studies observed such an increase (especially during emotion processing tasks), albeit in partially non-overlapping brain regions. Conversely, neither the putative related activation decrease in the amygdala nor volumetric changes or altered activation during the resting state could be convincingly established.

          Conclusion

          Successful psychological treatments might potentially work via upregulation of the mPFC, which thus may be involved in symptom reduction. However, the role of the amygdala in recovery from PTSD remains unclear. There is currently no indication that the various PTSD treatment approaches employed by the reviewed studies differ regarding their action mechanisms, but further research on this topic is needed.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • There is little evidence for an activation increase in mPFC/rACC following successful PTSD treatment.

          • Most studies detected no significant activation changes in amygdala, insula, or hippocampus.

          • There is no consistent evidence for post-treatment volume changes in any brain region.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Los resultados de metanálisis indican que el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) se asocia con la hipoactivación de la corteza prefrontal medial (CPFm), la hiperactivación de la amígdala y la reducción del volumen del hipocampo. Se hipotetizó que los tratamientos psicoterapéuticos eficaces normalizan estos patrones neuronales a través de la regulación aumentada de las estructuras prefrontales, que a su vez regulan a la baja las regiones límbicas.

          Objetivo: Para obtener una comprensión sólida de los efectos de la psicoterapia exitosa en el cerebro, se agregarán los cambios neuronales de antes a después del tratamiento en pacientes con TEPT.

          Método: Una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática identificó 24 estudios originales que empleaban mediciones de resonancia magnética estructural o funcional antes y después del tratamiento de pacientes diagnosticados con TEPT.

          Resultados: En conjunto, la revisión arrojó escasas pruebas de un aumento de la activación en las cortezas CPFm y cingulada anterior rostral (CCAr) tras el éxito del tratamiento. Cinco de 12 estudios observaron dicho aumento (especialmente durante las tareas de procesamiento de emociones), aunque en regiones cerebrales parcialmente no superpuestas. Por el contrario, no se pudo establecer de forma convincente ni la supuesta disminución de la activación relacionada en la amígdala ni los cambios volumétricos o la activación alterada durante el estado de reposo.

          Conclusión: Los tratamientos psicológicos exitosos podrían funcionar potencialmente a través de la regulación aumentada de la CPFm, que por lo tanto puede estar involucrada en la reducción de los síntomas. Sin embargo, el papel de la amígdala en la recuperación del TEPT sigue sin estar claro. En la actualidad, no hay indicios de que los diversos enfoques de tratamiento del TEPT empleados por los estudios revisados difieran en cuanto a sus mecanismos de acción, pero es necesario seguir investigando sobre este tema.

          Translated abstract

          背景:元分析结果表明, 创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 与内侧前额叶皮层 (mPFC) 激活不足, 杏仁核过度激活以及海马体积减小有关。有效的心理治疗方法假设通过前额叶结构的上调来使这些神经模式正常化, 从而反过来下调边缘区。

          目的: 为了更好地了解成功的心理治疗对大脑的影响, 将汇总PTSD患者治疗前后的神经变化。

          方法: 系统的文献检索确定了24项原始研究, 这些研究在对诊断为PTSD的患者进行治疗前后均采用结构或功能MRI测量。

          结果: 结合起来, 本综述发现了很少成功治疗后mPFC/喙前扣带回皮层 (rACC) 激活增加的证据。 12个研究中有5个观察到了这种增加 (特别是在情绪处理任务期间), 尽管是在部分不重叠的脑区。相反, 既不能确信杏仁核假定的相关激活减少, 也不能确定体积变化或激活状态改变。

          结论: 成功的心理治疗可能通过上调mPFC发挥作用, 这可能与症状减轻有关。然而, 杏仁核在PTSD恢复中的作用仍不清楚。目前尚无迹象表明所综述的研究采用的各种PTSD治疗方法在其作用机理方面存在差异, 但需要对此主题进行进一步研究。

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          Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement

          Systematic reviews should build on a protocol that describes the rationale, hypothesis, and planned methods of the review; few reviews report whether a protocol exists. Detailed, well-described protocols can facilitate the understanding and appraisal of the review methods, as well as the detection of modifications to methods and selective reporting in completed reviews. We describe the development of a reporting guideline, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols 2015 (PRISMA-P 2015). PRISMA-P consists of a 17-item checklist intended to facilitate the preparation and reporting of a robust protocol for the systematic review. Funders and those commissioning reviews might consider mandating the use of the checklist to facilitate the submission of relevant protocol information in funding applications. Similarly, peer reviewers and editors can use the guidance to gauge the completeness and transparency of a systematic review protocol submitted for publication in a journal or other medium.
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            Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex.

            Negative emotional stimuli activate a broad network of brain regions, including the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. An early influential view dichotomized these regions into dorsal-caudal cognitive and ventral-rostral affective subdivisions. In this review, we examine a wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans, using the example of fear or anxiety, and conclude that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing. Specifically, dorsal-caudal regions of the ACC and mPFC are involved in appraisal and expression of negative emotion, whereas ventral-rostral portions of the ACC and mPFC have a regulatory role with respect to limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses. Moreover, this new framework is broadly consistent with emerging data on other negative and positive emotions. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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              The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010.

              To provide 12-month prevalence and disability burden estimates of a broad range of mental and neurological disorders in the European Union (EU) and to compare these findings to previous estimates. Referring to our previous 2005 review, improved up-to-date data for the enlarged EU on a broader range of disorders than previously covered are needed for basic, clinical and public health research and policy decisions and to inform about the estimated number of persons affected in the EU. Stepwise multi-method approach, consisting of systematic literature reviews, reanalyses of existing data sets, national surveys and expert consultations. Studies and data from all member states of the European Union (EU-27) plus Switzerland, Iceland and Norway were included. Supplementary information about neurological disorders is provided, although methodological constraints prohibited the derivation of overall prevalence estimates for mental and neurological disorders. Disease burden was measured by disability adjusted life years (DALY). Prevalence: It is estimated that each year 38.2% of the EU population suffers from a mental disorder. Adjusted for age and comorbidity, this corresponds to 164.8million persons affected. Compared to 2005 (27.4%) this higher estimate is entirely due to the inclusion of 14 new disorders also covering childhood/adolescence as well as the elderly. The estimated higher number of persons affected (2011: 165m vs. 2005: 82m) is due to coverage of childhood and old age populations, new disorders and of new EU membership states. The most frequent disorders are anxiety disorders (14.0%), insomnia (7.0%), major depression (6.9%), somatoform (6.3%), alcohol and drug dependence (>4%), ADHD (5%) in the young, and dementia (1-30%, depending on age). Except for substance use disorders and mental retardation, there were no substantial cultural or country variations. Although many sources, including national health insurance programs, reveal increases in sick leave, early retirement and treatment rates due to mental disorders, rates in the community have not increased with a few exceptions (i.e. dementia). There were also no consistent indications of improvements with regard to low treatment rates, delayed treatment provision and grossly inadequate treatment. Disability: Disorders of the brain and mental disorders in particular, contribute 26.6% of the total all cause burden, thus a greater proportion as compared to other regions of the world. The rank order of the most disabling diseases differs markedly by gender and age group; overall, the four most disabling single conditions were: depression, dementias, alcohol use disorders and stroke. In every year over a third of the total EU population suffers from mental disorders. The true size of "disorders of the brain" including neurological disorders is even considerably larger. Disorders of the brain are the largest contributor to the all cause morbidity burden as measured by DALY in the EU. No indications for increasing overall rates of mental disorders were found nor of improved care and treatment since 2005; less than one third of all cases receive any treatment, suggesting a considerable level of unmet needs. We conclude that the true size and burden of disorders of the brain in the EU was significantly underestimated in the past. Concerted priority action is needed at all levels, including substantially increased funding for basic, clinical and public health research in order to identify better strategies for improved prevention and treatment for disorders of the brain as the core health challenge of the 21st century. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                6 August 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1929025
                Affiliations
                [a ]Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; , Berlin, Germany
                [b ]Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Universität Greifswald; , Greifswald, Germany
                [c ]Psychologische Hochschule Berlin; , Berlin, Germany
                [d ]Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen; , Groningen, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                CONTACT Judith K. Daniels J.K.Daniels@ 123456rug.nl Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen; , Grote Kruisstraat 2, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-6121
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6304-2310
                Article
                1929025
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1929025
                8354020
                34394855
                5038b7cd-7d73-4847-9c2b-8a2fab299987
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, References: 73, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Review Article
                Review Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                review,ptsd,trauma,psychotherapy,exposure therapy,fmri,neurobiology,amygdala,prefrontal cortex,hippocampus,revisión,tept,psicoterapia,terapia de exposición,neurobiología,amígdala,corteza prefrontal,hipocampo,综述,创伤,心理治疗,暴露疗法,神经生物学,杏仁核,前额叶皮层,海马

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