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      Riesgo cardiovascular en la enfermedad renal crónica

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          Abstract

          La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tiene elevada prevalencia y morbimortalidad cardiovascular (CV). Objetivos: analizar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo y tratamientos en la población del Programa de Salud Renal del Uruguay (PSRU) y su asociación con eventos CV y supervivencia. Método: estudio retrospectivo de la cohorte del registro del PSRU, que representa 58% de la población del país, entre 29/9/2006 y 31/12/2014. Los criterios de inclusión son: personas ³ 20 años, con alteraciones renales por más de tres meses, filtrado glomerular estimado (FGe) < 60 ml/min/1,73 m² o proteinuria >300 mg/día o albuminuria >30 mg/día en diabéticos, con seis o más meses en control. Se incluye registro de nuevos eventos cardiovasculares (NECV), ingreso a tratamiento de sustitución renal (TSR) y fallecimientos. Resultados: se incluyeron 8.407 individuos, edad 68 ± 14 años, 56% hombres, 66,6% > 65 años. Se observó elevada prevalencia de factores de riesgo CV. Se reportaron 2.245 NECV no fatales en 1.439 individuos (18,9%), tasa 10,1 por 100 pacientes-año (pac-año). Fallecieron 1.380 pacientes, 32,7% de causa CV. La tasa de ingreso a tratamiento de sustitución renal (TSR) fue de 1,94, la de mortalidad global de 6,2 y de causa CV de 2,03 por 100 pac-año. Se demostró la asociación de NECV y mortalidad con factores de riesgo tradicionales y vinculados a ERC, así como disminución con control glucídico y tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA). Conclusiones: la población con ERC presenta múltiples factores de riesgo CV con elevada morbimortalidad, lo que amerita detección precoz y tratamiento.

          Translated abstract

          Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent condition with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Objectives: the aim of the study was to analyze risk factors and treatments in the Uruguayan National Renal Healthcare Program (NRHP) and their association with cardiovascular events (CVE) and survival. Methods: this is a cohort study of patients included in the Uruguayan NRHP Registry, from 29/9/2006 to 31/12/2014. The inclusion criteria were age ³ 20 years, kidney disease for more than 3 months, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eFG) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² and/or proteinuria >300 mg/day or albuminuria >30 mg/day in diabetics, with ³ 6 months under surveillance. The end-points were a new CV event, renal replacement therapy (RRT) or death. Results: 8.407 patients were included, mean age 68 ± 14 years, 56% males, 66,6% >65 years. Cardiovascular risk factors were highly prevalent. 2.245 new CVE were registered in 1.439 (18.9%) patients who survived (10.1/100 patient-year (pt-yr). 1.380 patients died, 32.7% of them from a CVE. RRT rate was 1.94 / 100 pt-yr, global mortality rate 6.2 and CV mortality rate 2.03 / 100 pt-yr. There was significant association between new CVE and traditional and CKD related risk factors, as well as a better outcome with good glycemic control and treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition Conclusion: CKD patients have many CV risk factors and high mortality, so early detection and treatment strategies are important.

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          Observational multicenter study to evaluate the prevalence and prognosis of subclinical atheromatosis in a Spanish chronic kidney disease cohort: baseline data from the NEFRONA study

          Background Cardiovascular events (CVE) are more prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) than in general population, being the main cause of morbimortality. Specific risk factors related to CKD have been suggested, because traditional factors do not fully explain this increase in cardiovascular disease rates. However, the role of atheromatosis, its pathogenesis and evolution are still unclear. The potential use of diagnostic tests to detect subclinical atheromatosis has to be determined. Methods NEFRONA is a prospective multicenter cohort study. 2445 CKD subjects were enrolled from 81 Spanish hospitals and dialysis clinics, from 2010 to 2012. Eligibility criteria included: 18 to 74 years old, CKD stage 3 or higher, and no previous CVE. 559 non-CKD controls were also recruited. Demographical, clinical and analytical data were collected. Carotid and femoral ultrasounds were performed by a single trained team to measure carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and detect atheromatous plaques. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) was measured. Results Differences in age, sex and prevalence and control of cardiovascular risk factors were found between controls and CKD patients. These differences are similar to those described in epidemiological studies. No difference was found regarding cIMT between controls and CKD (when subjects with plaques in common carotid arteries were omitted); earlier CKD stages had higher values. CKD patients had a higher rate of atheromatous plaques, with no difference between stages in the unadjusted analysis. A group of patients had plaques in femoral arteries but were plaque-free in carotid arteries, and would have gone underdiagnosed without the femoral study. The percentage of pathologic ABI was higher in CKD, with higher prevalence in more advanced stages, and a higher rate of ABI >1.4 than <0.9, suggesting more vascular calcification. Conclusions NEFRONA is the first large study describing the actual prevalence of subclinical atheromatosis across different CKD stages. There is a very high rate of atheromatous plaques and pathologic ABI in CKD. Prospective data will add important information to the pathogenesis and evolution of atheromatosis in CKD, compared to non-CKD subjects.
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            Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Chronic Renal Insufficiency in the Elderly

            Background: The global population is aging. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women older than 65 years. In particular, elderly patients have an increased prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), both of which predict increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. LVH and CKD frequently coexist in the elderly, and LVH is a powerful predictor of mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Key Messages: Several hemodynamic factors contribute to LVH and CKD in the elderly. Increased arterial stiffness in the elderly is associated with LVH and CKD. Studies using noninvasive measures of arterial stiffening have shown a correlation between these measures and LVH in patients with CKD. Hypertensive patients with an altered circadian blood pressure pattern such as nondippers have an increased incidence of LVH and CKD. Anemia is a risk factor for LVH in patients in all stages of CKD, and studies have shown correlations between age, anemia and LV mass. Nonhemodynamic factors include chronic inflammation, increased oxidative stress, and reduced autophagy, all of which are present in the elderly. Disordered mineral metabolism in the elderly with reduced levels of vitamin D and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone and phosphorus is associated with LVH and CKD. Conclusions: Multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms contribute to the development of LVH and CKD in the elderly. Future research should be directed at interfering with this development and reducing the burden of cardiovascular and renal diseases in this growing population. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
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              Comparison of albuminuria test and urine test strip in Japanese hypertensive patients: AVA-E study.

              Albuminuria is thought to reflect generalized endothelial dysfunction. In hypertensive patients, albuminuria is related to the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Thus, screening for albuminuria is critical for risk stratification in hypertensive patients. However, the actual state of albuminuria in Japanese patients without diabetes remains unclear due to insurance coverage.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ruc
                Revista Uruguaya de Cardiología
                Rev.Urug.Cardiol.
                Sociedad Uruguaya de Cardiología
                1688-0420
                August 2016
                : 31
                : 2
                : 5
                Affiliations
                [1 ] COMERO-IAMPP
                [2 ] ASSE
                [3 ] Fondo Nacional de Recursos
                [4 ] COMECA
                [5 ] Comisión Asesora del Programa de Salud Renal del Uruguay
                [6 ] Universidad de la República
                Article
                S1688-04202016000200005
                504222f8-334f-447e-aa5a-c9f6b174ad1b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1688-0420&lng=en
                Categories
                CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
                SURGERY

                Surgery,Cardiovascular Medicine,Internal medicine
                ENFERMEDAD RENAL CRóNICA,CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE,RISK FACTORS,PREVALENCE,URUGUAY,FACTORES DE RIESGO,PREVALENCIA

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