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      Effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on the dentin-pulp complex: Ex vivo histological analysis on human primary teeth and rat molars Translated title: Efecto del diamino fluoruro de plata (DFP) sobre complejo dentino-pulpar: análisis histológico ex vivo en dientes primarios humanos y molares de rata

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          Abstract

          The aim of this study was to determine the effect of SDF on the dentin-pulp complex using two models: teeth after SDF application (ex vivo) and experimental animal molars. A descriptive study was performed using two models. In the first model, primary teeth (ex vivo) with enamel-dentin caries, without pulp involvement and previously treated with 38% SDF, were evaluated by means of two techniques: (a) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray detector (EDS) to determine qualitative and quantitative composition, and (b) brightfield optical microscopy (OM) after decalcification. The second model used laboratory animal molars from 12 male Wistar rats. Standardized enamel-dentin cavities approximately 0.5 mm deep were made the distal fossa of the occlusal face of both first lower molars, to one of which a 38% SDF solution was applied, while the other was used as a control. Histological sections were prepared and dental pulp was evaluated qualitatively in both groups. SEM on ex vivo teeth showed areas of hypermineralization in the intertubular dentin and few blocked tubules, while EDS detected Ag in the center of the lesion (7.34%), its concentration declining at the edges (1.71%), with none in the areas farthest from the lesion. OM showed SDF sealing the tubules only at the site where it had been placed, with limited penetration beneath, the tubules appeared normal and the pulp tissue associated to treated caries showed chronic inflammatory infiltrate and formation of tertiary dentin, with no Ag precipitate. In the experimental animal model, pulp histology was not significantly altered in the molar cavities exposed to SDF. The observations using the different techniques on dental tissues suggest that SDF causes minimal adverse effects. The results of this study may contribute to further studies on the suitability of SDF as a cost-effective strategy for treating caries.

          Translated abstract

          El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar del efecto del DFP en complejo dentino-pulpar aplicando dos modelos: piezas dentarias luego de su aplicación (ex vivo) y en molares de animales experimentales. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo aplicando dos modelos: en piezas dentarias primarias (ex vivo) con caries amelodentinarias sin compromiso pulpar que hayan sido sometidas previamente con DFP 38%, mediante dos evaluaciones: Microscopía electrónica de Barrido (MEB) y detector de energía dispersiva de rayos X (EDS) a fin de determinar su composición cuali y cuantitativa y Microscopía óptica de campo claro (MCC) mediante la técnica descalcificación y en molares de animales de laboratorio donde se utilizaron 12 ratas Wistar macho. La técnica fue estandarizada en la fosa distal de la cara oclusal del primer molar inferior, se realizó una cavidad amelodentinaria aprox. 0.5 mm de profundidad, en ambos molares. En un molar se aplicó la solución DFP al 38 % y el opuesto como control. Se realizaron cortes histológicos y se evaluó en forma cualitativa la pulpa dental en ambos grupos. En las piezas ex vivas mediante MEB se observaron áreas de hipermineralización en la dentina intertubular y escasos conductillos obliterados y por EDS se detectó Ag en el centro de la lesión (7.34%), disminuyendo su concentración en los límites (1,71%) y no se detectó en las zonas más alejadas de la misma. En MCC se observó DFP sellando los conductillos sólo en sitio de colocación y con una penetración limitada, por debajo, los conductillos se observaron de aspecto normal y el tejido pulpar asociado con la caries tratada ha mostrado un infiltrado inflamatorio crónico y formación de dentina terciaria, sin observarse precipitado de Ag. En el modelo experimental en las cavidades expuestas con DFP en molares no se alteró en forma relevante la histología pulpar. Las observaciones realizadas con las diferentes técnicas y en tejidos dentarios sugieren que el DFP genera mínimos efectos adversos. Los resultados de este estudio contribuirían a continuar con investigaciones que permitan recomendar el producto como una estrategia costo efectivo para el tratamiento de la enfermedad.

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          Most cited references40

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          Silver diamine fluoride: a caries "silver-fluoride bullet".

          The antimicrobial use of silver compounds pivots on the 100-year-old application of silver nitrate, silver foil, and silver sutures for the prevention and treatment of ocular, surgical, and dental infections. Ag(+) kills pathogenic organisms at concentrations of <50 ppm, and current/potential anti-infective applications include: acute burn coverings, catheter linings, water purification systems, hospital gowns, and caries prevention. To distill the current best evidence relative to caries, this systematic review asked: Will silver diamine fluoride (SDF) more effectively prevent caries than fluoride varnish? A five-database search, reference review, and hand search identified 99 human clinical trials in three languages published between 1966 and 2006. Dual review for controlled clinical trials with the patient as the unit of observation, and excluding cross-sectional, animal, in vitro studies, and opinions, identified 2 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The trials indicated that SDF's lowest prevented fractions for caries arrest and caries prevention were 96.1% and 70.3%, respectively. In contrast, fluoride varnish's highest prevented fractions for caries arrest and caries prevention were 21.3% and 55.7%, respectively. Similarly, SDF's highest numbers needed to treat for caries arrest and caries prevention were 0.8 (95% CI=0.5-1.0) and 0.9 (95% CI=0.4-1.1), respectively. For fluoride varnish, the lowest numbers needed to treat for caries arrest and prevention were 3.7 (95% CI=3.4-3.9) and 1.1 (95% CI=0.7-1.4), respectively. Adverse events were monitored, with no significant differences between control and experimental groups. These promising results suggest that SDF is more effective than fluoride varnish, and may be a valuable caries-preventive intervention. As well, the availability of a safe, effective, efficient, and equitable caries-preventive agent appears to meet the criteria of both the WHO Millennium Goals and the US Institute of Medicine's criteria for 21st century medical care.
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            Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for caries reduction in primary teeth and first permanent molars of schoolchildren: 36-month clinical trial.

            We hypothesized that the six-monthly application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) can arrest the development of caries in the deciduous dentition of six-year-old schoolchildren and prevent caries in their first permanent molars. A prospective controlled clinical trial was conducted on the efficacy of a 38% SDF solution for caries reduction. Four hundred and twenty-five six-year-old children were divided into two groups: One group received SDF solution in primary canines and molars and first permanent molars every 6 mos for 36 mos. The second group served as controls. The 36-month follow-up was completed by 373 children. The mean number of new decayed surfaces appearing in primary teeth during the study was 0.29 in the SDF group vs. 1.43 in controls. The mean of new decayed surfaces in first permanent molars was 0.37 in the SDF group vs. 1.06 in controls. The SDF solution was found to be effective for caries reduction in primary teeth and first permanent molars in schoolchildren.
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              Inhibitory effect of silver diamine fluoride on dentine demineralisation and collagen degradation.

              To investigate the inhibitory effects of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on demineralised dentine. Human dentine blocks were demineralised and allocated to four groups: SF, F, S and W. The blocks in group SF received a topical application of 38% SDF solution (253,900ppm Ag, 44,800ppm F), group F received a 10% sodium fluoride solution (44,800ppm F), group S received a 42% silver nitrate solution (253,900ppm Ag) and group W received deionised water (control). They were subjected to pH cycling using demineralisation solution (pH 5) and remineralisation solution (pH 7) for 8 days. The surface morphology, crystal characteristics, lesion depth and collagen matrix degradation of the specimens were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-CT testing and spectrophotometry with a hydroxyproline assay. The surface morphology under SEM showed evident demineralisation with exposed collagen in groups S and W, but not in group SF. Clusters of granular spherical grains were observed in the cross-sections of specimens in groups SF and F. XRD revealed precipitates of silver chloride in groups SF and S. The mean lesion depths (±SD) of groups SF, F, S and W were 182 ± 32μm, 204 ± 26μm, 259 ± 42μm and 265 ± 40μm, respectively (SDF, F
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aol
                Acta Odontológica Latinoamericana
                Acta odontol. latinoam.
                Sociedad Argentina de Investigación Odontológica (Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina )
                1852-4834
                April 2017
                : 30
                : 1
                : 5-12
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Facultad de Odontología orgdiv2Cátedra de Histología y Embriología
                [03] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Facultad de Odontología orgdiv2Cátedra de Materiales Dentales
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Facultad de Odontología orgdiv2Cátedra de Odontología Preventiva y Comunitaria
                Article
                S1852-48342017000100002
                28688180
                50505d0d-45ae-462f-8157-5c2a7b3b82b0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Argentina


                Caries dental,Diamino fluoruro de plata,Fluoruros,Silver diamine fluoride,Fluorides,Dental caries

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