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      Music in the exercise domain: a review and synthesis (Part I)

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          Abstract

          Since a 1997 review by Karageorghis and Terry, which highlighted the state of knowledge and methodological weaknesses, the number of studies investigating musical reactivity in relation to exercise has swelled considerably. In this two-part review paper, the development of conceptual approaches and mechanisms underlying the effects of music are explicated (Part I), followed by a critical review and synthesis of empirical work (spread over Parts I and II). Pre-task music has been shown to optimise arousal, facilitate task-relevant imagery and improve performance in simple motoric tasks. During repetitive, endurance-type activities, self-selected, motivational and stimulative music has been shown to enhance affect, reduce ratings of perceived exertion, improve energy efficiency and lead to increased work output. There is evidence to suggest that carefully selected music can promote ergogenic and psychological benefits during high-intensity exercise, although it appears to be ineffective in reducing perceptions of exertion beyond the anaerobic threshold. The effects of music appear to be at their most potent when it is used to accompany self-paced exercise or in externally valid conditions. When selected according to its motivational qualities, the positive impact of music on both psychological state and performance is magnified. Guidelines are provided for future research and exercise practitioners.

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          Most cited references133

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          Which Emotions Can be Induced by Music? What Are the Underlying Mechanisms? And How Can We Measure Them?

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            The biological basis of personality

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              The effects of music tempo and loudness level on treadmill exercise.

              This study examined the effects of loudness and tempo of background music on exercise performance. A total of 30 volunteers performed five 10-min exercise sessions on a treadmill. The music listened to whilst exercising was either fast/loud, fast/quiet, slow/loud, slow/quiet or absent. Measures of running speed, heart rate, perceived exertion and affect were taken. Significant effects and interactions were found for running speed and heart rate across the different music tempo and loudness levels. More positive affect was observed during the music condition in comparison to the 'no music' condition. No significant differences for perceived exertion were found across conditions. These results confirm that fast, loud music might be played to enhance optimal exercising, and show how loudness and tempo interact.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol
                Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol
                rirs
                International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology
                Taylor & Francis
                1750-984X
                1750-9858
                7 December 2011
                March 2012
                : 5
                : 1
                : 44-66
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Sport and Education, Brunel University, London, UK
                Author notes
                [] Corresponding author. Email: costas.karageorghis@ 123456brunel.ac.uk
                Article
                10.1080/1750984X.2011.631026
                3339578
                22577472
                5057ae05-ecbb-4d0b-ab61-2d6d5d4e3edb
                © 2012 Taylor & Francis

                This is an open access article distributed under the Supplemental Terms and Conditions for iOpenAccess articles published in Taylor & Francis journals , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 8 June 2011
                : 6 October 2011
                Categories
                Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                synchronous music,asynchronous music,post-task music,pre-task music

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