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      Single Cell Raman Spectroscopy Deuterium Isotope Probing for Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test of Elizabethkingia spp.

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          Abstract

          Nosocomial infection by multi-drug resistance Elizabethkingia spp. is an emerging concern with severe clinical consequences, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and infants. Efficient control of this infection requires quick and reliable methods to determine the appropriate drugs for treatment. In this study, a total of 31 Elizabethkingia spp., including two standard strains (ATCC 13253 and FMS-007) and 29 clinical isolates obtained from hospitals in China were subjected to single cell Raman spectroscopy analysis coupled with deuterium probing (single cell Raman-DIP). The results demonstrated that single cell Raman-DIP could determine antimicrobial susceptibility of Elizabethkingia spp. in 4 h, only one third of the time required by standard broth microdilution method. The method could be integrated into current clinical protocol for sepsis and halve the report time. The study also confirmed that minocycline and levofloxacin are the first-line antimicrobials for Elizabethkingia spp. infection.

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          Most cited references47

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          The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats.

          Decades after the first patients were treated with antibiotics, bacterial infections have again become a threat because of the rapid emergence of resistant bacteria-a crisis attributed to abuse of these medications and a lack of new drug development.
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            Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review ☆

            In recent years, there has been a growing interest in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents from various sources to combat microbial resistance. Therefore, a greater attention has been paid to antimicrobial activity screening and evaluating methods. Several bioassays such as disk-diffusion, well diffusion and broth or agar dilution are well known and commonly used, but others such as flow cytofluorometric and bioluminescent methods are not widely used because they require specified equipment and further evaluation for reproducibility and standardization, even if they can provide rapid results of the antimicrobial agent's effects and a better understanding of their impact on the viability and cell damage inflicted to the tested microorganism. In this review article, an exhaustive list of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and detailed information on their advantages and limitations are reported.
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              Distinguishing between resistance, tolerance and persistence to antibiotic treatment.

              Antibiotic tolerance is associated with the failure of antibiotic treatment and the relapse of many bacterial infections. However, unlike resistance, which is commonly measured using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) metric, tolerance is poorly characterized, owing to the lack of a similar quantitative indicator. This may lead to the misclassification of tolerant strains as resistant, or vice versa, and result in ineffective treatments. In this Opinion article, we describe recent studies of tolerance, resistance and persistence, outlining how a clear and distinct definition for each phenotype can be developed from these findings. We propose a framework for classifying the drug response of bacterial strains according to these definitions that is based on the measurement of the MIC together with a recently defined quantitative indicator of tolerance, the minimum duration for killing (MDK). Finally, we discuss genes that are associated with increased tolerance - the 'tolerome' - as targets for treating tolerant bacterial strains.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                03 May 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 876925
                Affiliations
                [1] 1School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou, China
                [2] 2CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou, China
                [3] 3Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
                [4] 4Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
                [5] 5Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Weili Hong, Beihang University, China

                Reviewed by: Guojun Zhang, Capital Medical University, China; Pu-Ting Dong, The Forsyth Institute, United States

                *Correspondence: Yizhi Song, songyz@ 123456sibet.ac.cn

                These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

                This article was submitted to Evolutionary and Genomic Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2022.876925
                9113537
                35591987
                5057e788-c266-4927-b344-a1091a776640
                Copyright © 2022 Yuan, Chen, Lin, Zou, Lu, He, Liu, Zhang, Shen, Song, Tong, Song, Zhang, Chen and Sun.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 01 March 2022
                : 11 April 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 10, Words: 6320
                Funding
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, doi 10.13039/501100004731;
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, doi 10.13039/501100001809;
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research

                Microbiology & Virology
                elizabethkingia spp.,single cell raman spectroscopy deuterium isotope probing,carbon-deuterium ratio,antimicrobial susceptibility test,minimum inhibitory concentration

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