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      Determinación de la eficacia analgésica de los bloqueos del ganglio estrellado en el síndrome doloroso regional complejo con dolor mediado por el sistema nervioso simpático: estudio preliminar Translated title: Study of the analgesic efficacy of stellate ganglion blockade in the management of the complex regional pain syndrome in patients with pain mediated by sympathetic nervous system: preliminary study

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Este estudio fue realizado con el propósito de determinar la eficacia analgésica de los bloqueos del ganglio estrellado, en el alivio del dolor mediado por el sistema nervioso simpático, en pacientes con síndrome doloroso regional complejo. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado con asignación aleatoria y enmascaramiento simple. Treinta y nueve pacientes fueron tratados con una serie de bloqueos de ganglio estrellado, terapia física y tratamiento farmacológico, mientras que treinta y dos pacientes fueron tratados con fisioterapia y el mismo esquema farmacológico. Para determinar la asociación entre las variables se utilizó el riesgo relativo con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza. Resultados: En la evaluación clínica realizada un mes postratamiento se encontró alivio del dolor en 84,6% de los pacientes del grupo de intervención y en 78,1% de los controles (RR= 1,08; I.C. 95%=0,8-1,4; p=0.48), sin encontrarse diferencias estadísticamente significativas. No se encontró asociación entre la eficacia analgésica y tabaquismo, dominancia, género, tipo de SDRC, causa desencadenante y nivel educativo.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the analgesic efficacy of stellate ganglion blockade in pain mediated by the sympathetic nervous system in patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). Patients and methods: A randomized, simple-blinded controlled clinical trial was conducted. Thirty nine patients were randomly assigned to an intervention group which was treated with a series of stellate ganglion blockades, physical therapy and pharmacological treatment, and thirty two to a control group which was treated with physical therapy and the same pharmacological treatment. Risk ratio was used to evaluate outcome and determine association with predictor variables. Results: At the end of the first month post treatment, it was found that 84.6% of patients in the intervention group had alleviation of their pain while 78.1% of the control group had alleviation of their pain; there was not a statistically significant difference (RR=1.08; C.I. 95%=0.8-1.4; p=0.48). We found no association between analgesic efficacy, smoking, dominance, gender, and type of CRPS, unleashing cause or educational level.

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          A critical review of controlled clinical trials for peripheral neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndromes.

          The purpose of this review was to identify and analyze the controlled clinical trial data for peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) and complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS). A total of 72 articles were found, which included 92 controlled drug trials using 48 different treatments. The methods of these studies were critically reviewed and the results summarized and compared. The PNP trial literature gave consistent support (two or more trials) for the analgesic effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressants, intravenous and topical lidocaine, intravenous ketamine, carbamazepine and topical aspirin. There was limited support (one trial) for the analgesic effectiveness of oral, topical and epidural clonidine and for subcutaneous ketamine. The trial data were contradictory for mexiletine, phenytoin, topical capsaicin, oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, and intravenous morphine. Analysis of the trial methods indicated that mexiletine and intravenous morphine were probably effective analgesics for PNP, while non-steroidals were probably ineffective. Codeine, magnesium chloride, propranolol, lorazepam, and intravenous phentolamine all failed to provide analgesia in single trials. There were no long-term data supporting the analgesic effectiveness of any drug and the etiology of the neuropathy did not predict treatment outcome. Review of the controlled trial literature for CRPS identified several potential problems with current clinical practices. The trial data only gave consistent support for analgesia with corticosteroids, which had long-term effectiveness. There was limited support for the analgesic effectiveness of topical dimethylsulfoxyde (DMSO), epidural clonidine and intravenous regional blocks (IVRBs) with bretylium and ketanserin. The trial data were contradictory for intranasal calcitonin and intravenous phentolamine and analysis of the trial methods indicated that both treatments were probably ineffective for most patients. There were consistent trial data indicating that guanethidine and reserpine IVRBs were ineffective, and limited trial data indicating that droperidol and atropine IVRBs were ineffective. No placebo controlled data were available to evaluated sympathetic ganglion blocks (SGBs) with local anesthetics, surgical sympathectomy, or physical therapy. Only the capsaicin trials presented data which allowed for meta-analysis. This meta-analysis demonstrated a significant capsaicin effect with a pooled odds ratio of 2.35 (95% confidence intervals 1.48, 3.22). The methods scores were higher (P < 0.01) for the PNP trials (66.2 +/- 1.5, n = 66) than the CRPS trials (57.6 +/- 2.9, n = 26). The CRPS trials tended to use less subjects and were less likely to use placebo controls, double-blinding, or perform statistical tests for differences in outcome measures between groups. There was almost no overlap in the controlled trial literature between treatments for PNP and CRPS, and treatments used in both conditions (intravenous phentolamine and epidural clonidine) had similar results.
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            A hypothesis on the physiological basis for causalgia and related pains.

            A hypothesis is presented concerning the neuronal mechanisms which subserve the sympathetically maintained pains such as causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The hypothesis rests on two assumptions: that a high rate of firing in spinal wide-dynamic-range (WDR) or multireceptive neurons results in painful sensations; and that nociceptor responses associated with trauma can produce long-term sensitization of WDR neurons. The hypothesis states that chronic sympathetically maintained pains are mediated by activity in low-threshold, myelinated mechanoreceptors, that this afferent activity results from sympathetic efferent actions upon the receptors or upon afferent fibers ending in a neuroma and that these afferent fibers evoke sufficient activity in sensitized spinal WDR neurons to produce a painful sensation. This hypothesis is based on known characteristics of these neuronal populations studied in experimental animals and on the observed sensory disturbances reported in patients successfully treated with sympathetic blocks. This hypothesis does not require nerve injury or dystrophic tissue. It explains both the continuous pain and the allodynia that are common to these syndromes and their abolition by sympathetic block. Specific changes are proposed in the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic pains.
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              Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective chart review of 134 patients.

              Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) remains a poorly understood chronic pain disorder. Little data has been published assessing the epidemiology of CRPS (and reflex sympathetic dystrophy, RSD). This study assessed epidemiological variables in 134 CRPS patients evaluated at a tertiary chronic pain clinic in the US, including demographic, health care utilization and legal/workman's compensation measures. In addition, the frequency of physician-imposed immobilization of the CRPS limb was assessed, as was physical examination evidence of myofascial dysfunction. This study found that these patients had seen on average 4.8 different physicians before referral to the pain center and had received an average of five different kinds of treatments both prior to and during pain clinic treatment. The mean duration of CRPS symptoms prior to pain center evaluation was 30 months. Seventeen percent had a lawsuit and 54% had a worker compensation claim related to the CRPS. Fifty-one patients received a bone scan, but only 53% of which were interpreted as consistent with the diagnosis of RSD/CRPS. Forty-seven percent had a history of physician-imposed immobilization, and 56% had a myofascial component present at evaluation. The duration of CRPS symptoms and the involvement of the upper extremity was significantly associated with the presence of myofascial dysfunction. Thus, this study found that most CRPS patients are referred to a pain specialty clinic after several years of symptoms and many failed therapies. The data also suggest the lack of utility of a diagnostic bone scan and highlight the prominence of myofascial dysfunction in a majority of CRPS patients.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                May 2006
                : 13
                : 4
                : 230-237
                Affiliations
                [03] orgnameUniversidad del Valle
                [01] orgnameUniversidad Libre Seccional Cali
                [02] Cali orgnameClínica para Alivio del Dolor y Cuidados Paliativos Instituto de Seguros Sociales (ISS)
                Article
                S1134-80462006000400003
                50581c58-1fe2-43e8-b7c6-5be4b42f2cc9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 March 2006
                : 13 March 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Síndrome doloroso regional complejo,dolor mediado por el sistema nervioso simpático,distrofia simpática refleja,dolor,alivio del dolor,causalgia,bloqueo simpático,Complex regional pain syndrome,sympathetic pain,reflex sympathetic dystrophy,pain,relief of pain,sympathetic blockade

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